Çavkantinên standard yên paqijandina cihazên monitoriyê yê çalak da ku alîyên nermêşeya elektrîkê bimîn?
Bingehên Mînawayî yên Pirastina Cihazên Bîrûbûna Nîşaneyên Çalikî
Pirastina cihazên bîrûbûna nîşaneyên çalikî bi pêvajoya standartên parastî yên bîrûdar ê, ku taybetmendî yên destûrên wajebi yên mînawayî, spesifikasyonên teknîkên endazyayî, reyberên nemînawayî û tirazên pirastina metoda û cihazan. Li vir serê vê daxuyaniya parvekirin dihewce da ku taybetmendiyên li ser serokên praktîkî yên bikarhênerî.
I. Bingehên Mînawayî yên Pirastina
1. DL/T 1228-2023 – Taybetmendiyên Teknîk û Metodên Testkirina Cihazên Bîrûbûna Nîşaneyên Çalikî
Rewşa: Destûrê wajebi di endazaya çalikî ya Çîn de, ku digireyên sernavên 2013 an, tevahî taybetmendiyên teknîk, metodên pirastina û rêbazên testkirina.
Taybetmendiyên Serok:
Dem Pirastina: ≤3 salan di şertên normal de; dikare were kurtkirin ji 1–2 salan di navçeyên zorî de (wêje, EMI bilind, dergeha/nesneka berbi) an jî di dema ku performansa cihaza ne stabîl be.
Parametreyên Pirastina: Berz, girêng, feq, harmonîk (2nd–50th), interharmonîk, flicker, nîsgirîna triphas, berzda sags/swells/interruptions. Cihazên pirastina hewce ye ku tê gotineketî piştguhîn ji 1/3 ya çewtî çalakî yên cihaza (wêje, bikar bînin 0.05-class standard source).
Verifikasyona Fonksiyonel: Dawa xebitandinê, stabîlikê komunikasyon (wêje, IEC 61850 compatibility), û rastînê çewtî alarm dikare verifik kirin.
Kerdestin: Pirastina cihazan di navçeyên grid companies, power plants, û renewable energy grid-connection points de.
2. GB/T 19862-2016 – Destûrên General ê Cihazên Bîrûbûna Nîşaneyên Çalikî
Rôle: Destûrê mînawayî ku taybetmendiyên teknîk general define dike, ku tê metodên pirastina, çewtîyan û adaptabîlitya envîronment.
Taybetmendiyên Serok:
Rastînê Xebitandinê: RMS berz/girêng çewtî ≤ ±0.5%, feq çewtî ≤ ±0.01 Hz, amplitûdê harmonîk çewtî ≤ ±2% (Class A devices).
Metod Pirastina: "Standard Source Injection Method" – pêşniyariya output î cihaza pirastî bi xebitandina cihaza.
Kerdestin: Referans di kerestin û pirastina cihazan de di bikarhênerên industriyey û institûtên tijarî de.
3. GB/T 14549-1993 – Nîşaneyên Çalikî: Harmonîk û Public Power Systems
Rôle: Têneyên çewtî harmonîk berz û girêng di grids publike de define dike, û taybetmendiyên rastînê xebitandinê ji bo cihazên xebitandinê.
Gore Pirastina:
Rastînê Harmonîk: A-class instruments hewceye ku harmonîk berz çewtî ≤ ±0.05% UN, girêng çewtî ≤ ±0.15% IN. Divê 2nd–50th harmonîk cover bike.
Testkirina Immunity: Stabilîyetê cihaza di şertên zorî de valîdaye bi tenê ku tê peyvînîya karî barkirî.
Kerdestin: Projeyên mitigation harmonîk û bîrûbûna navçeyên harmonîk industriyey.
4. GB/T 17626 Series – Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Testing
Robustness Envîronment:
GB/T 17626.2-2018: Electrostatic discharge immunity (contact ±6kV, air ±8kV).
GB/T 17626.5-2019: Surge immunity (line-line ±2kV, line-earth ±4kV).
GB/T 17626.6-2008: Conducted RF immunity (0.15–80 MHz).
Gore Pirastina: Rastînê xebitandinê di şertên EMI bilind de, danasîna data drift ji herêmekî.
Kerdestin: Pirastina cihazan di substations û navçeyên industriyey de ku tê herêmekî elektromagnetîk guh.
II. Bingehên Nemînawayî
1. IEC 61000-4 Series – EMC Testing
Global Relevance:
IEC 61000-4-2:2025: ESD immunity, includes guidance for wearable devices.
IEC 61000-4-6:2013: Conducted RF immunity (0.15–80 MHz), standardized interference injection.
Advantage: Enables international recognition of calibration results.
Application: Exported equipment and cross-border power projects.
2. IEC 62053-21:2020 – Electricity Metering Equipment – Part 21: Static Active Energy Meters (Classes 0.2S and 0.5S)
High-Accuracy Reference:
Error Limits: 0.2S class ≤ ±0.2%, 0.5S class ≤ ±0.5%.
Calibration Method: "Standard Meter Method" – comparing readings from a high-accuracy reference meter and the device under test.
Application: Trade settlement and high-precision research applications.
3. IEEE Std 1159-2019 – Guide for Monitoring Electric Power Quality
Technical Guidance:
Defines measurement methods and data logging requirements for sags, harmonics, flicker, etc.
Recommends the "Dual Standard Source Comparison Method" for cross-validation of device accuracy.
Application: Reference for monitoring devices in North America and international engineering projects.
III. Calibration Methods & Equipment Standards
1. JJF 1848-2020 – Calibration Specification for Power Quality Monitoring Equipment
Metrological Traceability: National technical specification requiring calibration equipment uncertainty ≤ 1/3 of the device’s allowable error.
Key Steps:
Visual inspection (labels, connectors).
Preheating (30 min) and factory reset.
Inject standard signals per DL/T 1228-2023.
Calculate expanded uncertainty and issue calibration certificate.
Application: Basis for calibration in metrology institutes and third-party labs.
2. JJG 597-2016 – Verification Regulation for AC Electrical Energy Meter Test Equipment
Equipment Benchmark:
0.05-class source: voltage/current error ≤ ±0.05%, power error ≤ ±0.05%.
Must support harmonic injection and phase adjustment.
Application: Selection and traceability of standard sources in calibration labs.
IV. Supplementary Standards for Special Scenarios
1. GB/T 24337-2009 – Power Quality: Interharmonics in Public Power Systems
Defines interharmonic voltage limits (e.g., ≤1.5% for 19th interharmonic in 10kV+ grids).
Validates measurement accuracy for non-integer harmonics (>50 Hz).
Application: Renewable integration and industrial sites with variable frequency drives.
2. Q/GDW 10 J393-2009 – Technical Specification for Online Power Quality Monitoring Devices
State Grid enterprise standard.
Requires data storage ≥31 days, PQDIF format support.
Validates data transmission accuracy (e.g., voltage deviation ≤ ±0.5%).
Application: Calibration within State Grid systems.
V. Calibration Process & Compliance Recommendations
Qualification Requirements: Calibration labs must hold CNAS accreditation or provincial metrology authorization for legally valid results.
Dynamic Calibration Strategy:
Standard interval: 3 years (per DL/T 1228-2023).
Shortened to 1 year in harsh environments (e.g., chemical, metallurgical plants) or if historical drift > ±5%.
Record Keeping:
Required: Calibration certificate, raw data, maintenance logs.
Legal value: Used for regulatory compliance and incident investigation.
VI. Standard Prioritization & Application Strategy
Domestic Projects: DL/T 1228-2023 + GB/T 19862-2016 + GB/T 14549-1993.
International Projects: IEC 61000 series + IEEE Std 1159-2019.
Special Cases:
Harmonics: GB/T 14549-1993 + GB/T 24337-2009.
EMC: GB/T 17626 + IEC 61000-4.
Summary
Calibration of online power quality monitoring devices must follow three principles: regulatory compliance, technical standardization, and scenario-specific adaptation. The core framework should be built on DL/T 1228-2023 and GB/T 19862-2016, enhanced by GB/T 14549-1993 and IEC 61000 for environmental robustness, and traceable via JJF 1848-2020. For specialized industries (e.g., renewables, healthcare), supplementary standards like GB/T 24337-2009 should be applied. The ultimate goal is accurate data, regulatory compliance, and international recognition.
