Ang Pagprotekta sa Seguridad sa mga Sistema sa Paghimo og Monitor sa Kuryente: Teknolohiya ug Pinakamaayo nga Praktika

Bisag sa patuloy nga pagpuno-on sa kahimsog ug informatization sa sistema sa kuryente, ang mga sistema sa pag-monitor sa kuryente naging ang sentral nga hub para sa dispatch sa grid, kontrol sa equipment, ug pagkuha sa datos. Apan, ang pagtakda og mas dako nga bukasan ug interconnectivity mihatag og mas dako nga panganak nga mga seguridad nga mga bantang— sama sa cyberattacks, paglangoy sa datos, ug unauthorized access. Ang pagkapas sa proteksyon sa seguridad mahimong mogamit sa abnormal nga operasyon sa grid o bahin pa nga mas dako nga blackout. Dilihi, ang pagbuhat og siyentipiko ug efektibo nga sistema sa depensa sa seguridad naging ang kritikal nga hamubo alang sa industriya sa kuryente.

1. Overview of Security Protection Technologies in Power Monitoring Systems

Ang teknolohiya sa proteksyon sa seguridad alang sa sistema sa pag-monitor sa kuryente kay importante aron maprotektahan ang ligtas ug stable nga operasyon sa grid sa kuryente. Ang ilang primarya nga layunanan mao ang resistensya kontra sa cyberattacks, pagpreventa sa paglangoy sa datos, pag-block sa unauthorized access, ug pag-maintain sa controllability sa tanang electricity production, transmission, ug distribution chain.

Ang teknikal nga framework naglakip og tulo ka core dimensions:

• Network Security

• Data Security

• Identity Authentication

Ang teknolohiya sa network security, kasama ang firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), ug virtual private networks (VPNs), nag-establish og multi-layered defense barriers aron makablock sa malicious traffic.
Ang teknolohiya sa data security— sama sa encryption algorithms, integrity verification, ug data masking—sigurado ang confidentiality ug integrity sa tanan nga parte sa lifecycle sa datos: gikan sa collection ug transmission hangtod sa storage ug destruction.
Ang teknolohiya sa identity authentication verify ang authenticity sa users ug devices pinaagi sa multi-factor authentication (MFA), digital certificates, ug biometric recognition, pagpreventa sa account theft ug privilege abuse.

Sumala, ang integrated "technology + management" defense system kinahanglan nga maglakip:

• Physical security (e.g., environmental monitoring, electromagnetic shielding)

• Operational security (e.g., system hardening, security audits)

• Emergency response mechanisms (e.g., disaster recovery, vulnerability management)

Isip ang bag-ong sistema sa kuryente mag-evolve, ang mga teknolohiya sa proteksyon kinahanglan usab nga mag-evolve—maglakip og AI-driven threat detection ug zero-trust architecture pinaagi sa dynamic access control aron labanon ang advanced persistent threats (APT) ug hatagan ang comprehensive, multi-dimensional nga seguridad.

2. Key Security Protection Technologies in Power Monitoring Systems

2.1 Network Security Protection

Ang network security usa ka cornerstone sa stability sa sistema sa pag-monitor sa kuryente. Ang teknikal nga framework naglakip og firewalls, IDS/IPS, ug VPNs.

• Firewalls serve as the first line of defense, using packet filtering and stateful inspection to deeply analyze incoming and outgoing traffic. Stateful firewalls track session states and allow only legitimate packets, effectively mitigating threats like port scanning and SYN Flood attacks.

• IDS/IPS monitor network traffic in real time using signature-based detection and anomaly analysis to identify and block intrusions. Regular updates to signature databases are essential to counter emerging threats.

• VPNs enable secure remote access via encrypted tunnels. For example, IPSec VPN uses AH and ESP protocols to provide authentication, encryption, and integrity verification—ideal for secure interconnection across geographically distributed power monitoring systems.

• Network segmentation limits the spread of attacks by dividing the system into isolated security zones. Dedicated horizontal isolation devices are deployed between the Production Control Zone and the Management Information Zone, blocking unauthorized access and protecting core control networks.

2.2 Data Security Protection

Ang data security sa sistema sa pag-monitor sa kuryente kinahanglan address sa tulo ka dimensions: encryption, integrity verification, ug storage security.

• Data Encryption: A hybrid approach combining symmetric (e.g., AES) and asymmetric (e.g., RSA) encryption ensures confidentiality. For instance, SM2/SM4 national cryptographic algorithms are used in vertical encryption devices to secure dispatch data network packets, preventing data leakage.

• Integrity Verification: Digital signatures based on SHA-256 ensure data has not been tampered with. In substation automation systems, SCADA data packets are signed, allowing receivers to verify integrity in real time.

• Storage Security:

• Backup & Recovery: A "local + offsite" dual-active backup strategy, combined with snapshot and incremental backup technologies, enables rapid recovery. For example, provincial dispatch centers use NAS arrays with synchronous replication to disaster recovery sites, achieving RPO (Recovery Point Objective) within minutes.

• Access Control: Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) models restrict permissions—e.g., dispatchers can view real-time data, while maintenance staff access only logs.

• Data Masking: Sensitive information (e.g., user accounts, locations) is anonymized via substitution or masking to prevent exposure.

2.3 Identity Authentication and Access Control

Ang identity authentication ug access control kinahanglan meet high standards of security and auditability.

• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by combining passwords, digital certificates, and biometrics (e.g., fingerprint, iris). For example, when a dispatcher logs into the EMS system, they must enter a one-time password, insert a USB token, and verify their fingerprint.

• Digital Certificates based on PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) enable secure device authentication and key distribution. In substation vertical encryption devices, SM2 national certificates ensure mutual authentication and trusted communication.

• Fine-Grained Access Control:

• Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) dynamically assigns permissions based on user attributes (role, department), resource attributes (device type, sensitivity), and environmental factors (time, location). For instance, on-duty dispatchers can access real-time data during work hours but cannot modify equipment parameters.

• Micro-Segmentation using Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) and Zero Trust Architecture isolates systems at a granular level. In cloud-deployed monitoring systems, SDP dynamically opens access channels only after user authentication, minimizing the attack surface.

• Audit & Traceability: All authentication and access events are logged for forensic analysis. The 4A platform (Account, Authentication, Authorization, Audit) centralizes user behavior logs. SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) systems perform cross-system log correlation, providing an evidence chain for incident investigations.

3. Practical Implementation of Security Protection Measures

3.1 Physical Security Measures

Ang physical security usa ka foundation sa reliability sa sistema, requiring a multi-layered, integrated approach.

• Environmental Monitoring: Sensors for temperature, humidity, smoke, and water detect anomalies in real time. In provincial dispatch centers, automated HVAC systems respond to threshold breaches, maintaining optimal operating conditions.

• Access Control & Video Surveillance: Integrated door access and CCTV systems monitor entry/exit 24/7, preventing unauthorized access.

• Electromagnetic Shielding: Conductive materials (e.g., copper mesh, conductive paint) are used in critical areas. Faraday cage designs in substation control rooms effectively block lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses (LEMP) and radio interference, preventing SCADA malfunctions.

• Equipment Redundancy: Dual power supplies and network links ensure continuity. Core switches in dispatch systems use hot standby mode, achieving RTO (Recovery Time Objective) in seconds.

• Environmental Resilience: Outdoor RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) are designed with explosion-proof, waterproof, and corrosion-resistant enclosures meeting IP67 standards.

• Perimeter Protection: Electronic fences and infrared beam sensors secure critical sites like substations and control centers.

3.2 Operational Security Measures

Ang operational security focuses on system hardening, security auditing, and vulnerability management.

• System Hardening: Unnecessary services are disabled, minimal permissions are enforced, and security policies are enabled. For example, Linux servers disable remote root login and use SSH key authentication. Firewalls restrict port access, and baseline configurations (e.g., disabling Guest accounts) are applied to OS and databases.

• Security Auditing: SIEM platforms monitor system operations, network traffic, and application behavior in real time. By correlating login logs, device operations, and network access, abnormal activities (e.g., after-hours logins, cross-region access) are detected. Behavioral modeling establishes normal baselines, triggering alerts when deviations occur.

• Vulnerability Management: A closed-loop process of detection → assessment → remediation → verification is established. Tools like Nessus or OpenVAS scan for vulnerabilities. High-risk issues (e.g., SQL injection, RCE) are prioritized. After fixes, penetration testing verifies remediation effectiveness.

3.3 Emergency Response and Disaster Recovery

A full lifecycle mechanism—Prevention → Detection → Response → Recovery—is essential.

• Risk Assessment: Identify potential threats (e.g., natural disasters, ransomware) and develop targeted emergency plans. For ransomware, plans include isolating infected devices, restoring backups, and rebuilding systems. Regular drills validate plan effectiveness.

• Response Team: Establish a dedicated team with clear roles (command, technical, logistics) for rapid incident response.

• Disaster Recovery:

• Data Backup: "Local + offsite" dual-active strategy with snapshots and incremental backups ensures fast recovery (RPO in minutes).

• System Restoration: Automation tools (e.g., Ansible, Puppet) enable rapid re-deployment of OS and applications, minimizing RTO.

4. Conclusion

In summary, security protection technologies and measures are critical to the stable operation of power monitoring systems. By establishing technical defenses in network, data, and identity security, and integrating physical, operational, and emergency response measures, power systems can effectively resist internal and external threats.

Going forward, the defense framework must continuously evolve—incorporating intelligent analytics, zero-trust architecture, and automated response—to meet the demands of new power systems and support the secure digital transformation of the power industry.