Parastina Pêşkewtina di Sistemanan Daneyandina Elektrikê de: Tîchniyên & Îhtimalekên Bixebitîn

Bijîna pêşketinên zihniyê û axparyazîn di sisteman derzan de, sisteman derzan yên kontrolkirina derzan bûn tevlîkên sereke yên agahdariya berdestan, kontrol pirziman û hergirî daniyên. Lekin, vekirina hewceyê û girîngkirina çendbûyî yekîtiya wê bistirehên parastina ewlehiyê- we kîjan serasêriyê, hewceyê û destûrên nebejî hatine nîşandan. Pêşkeftina rastgeha parastina ewlehî dikare were biçav bikin ku operasyonên berdestan çewt bibe an belki kevîn çendbûyî be. Buna, binîna rastgeha parastina ewlehî yên ilmî û efektîve weriyekî bi taybetî yên derzanê hate bûyer.

1. Têkilinda Rastgehên Parastina Ewlehî ya Sisteman Derzan

Rastgehên parastina ewlehî ya sisteman derzan yên derzan dike navbera li vir bike ku agahdariya berdestan bi tenê û istikrarî bêtirîne. Bernamehên amade yên wan dike hewceyên serasêriyê reze bike, destûrên nebejî were piqet bike, veqetandina nebejî were piqet bike û kontrolkirina dilaver bike di hemî şevxulên derzanê de.

Taybetî yên teknîkî yên îro dike sê dimensiyonên serekeyên:

• Parastina Netewe

• Parastina Danyan

• Destûrên Nisandana Identiteyê

Rastgehên parastina netewe, tuhûma firewall, sistemên deteksiyon/prevencyon (IDS/IPS) û neteweyên xwe-xwe (VPNs), barûnên defansî yên cihêregerîn bike ku trafikên çendbûyî were piqet bike.
Rastgehên parastina danyan- we şeqler, algoritmen şifrandan, verifikasyon integriti û maskiran danyan- nîşandan û integriti di hêman danyan de bike di demên berdestan, transmisyon, berdestan û jexîn kirinan de.
Rastgehên nisandana identiteyê, dike autentikasyon multifaktor (MFA), serifikatên digital û nisandana biometrik, nisandana rojhelat û cihêdan û çendbûyî were piqet bike.

Lêva, sistemê "teknoloji + biniyara" defansî yên hejmarî dike:

• Parastina fizîkî (mesel: monitorî envîronment, şildîng electromagnetic)

• Parastina operasyonî (mesel: hardening sistem, audit parastina)

• Mekanizman pêşkeftina acilî (mesel: recovery disaster, management vulnirabiliteyê)

Di dema evoluzyonê ya sisteman derzanên nû de, rastgehên parastina dike pêşbike yên din, teklîf bike ku deteksiyon hewceyê yên AI-driven û arşîtecturaya zero-trust bikin bikin bikin bikin.

2. Rastgehên Parastina Ewlehî yên Serekan Sisteman Derzan

2.1 Parastina Ewlehî Netewe

Parastina netewe bûn tevlîkên sereke yên stabiliti sisteman derzan. Taybetî teknîkî yên îro dike firewall, IDS/IPS û VPNs.

• Firewalls dike hewceyên serasêriyê yên pakete û stateful inspection bike kiştî analizîn traffikan da ku ji roja û dar roja destûrên. Firewallên stateful session states track bikin û tikra paketên destûr bike, efektîve tehdîdan yên port scanning û SYN Flood attacks.

• IDS/IPS traffikan netewe dike real time bike dike deteksiyon yên signature-based û anomaly analysis bike dike intrusions bike. Updates rêgîn database yên signature yên din dike tehdîdan yên nû.

• VPNs remote access bike dike encrypted tunnels. Mesel, IPSec VPN AH û ESP protocols bike authentication, encryption û integrity verification bike- ideal secure interconnection geographically distributed power monitoring systems.

• Network segmentation limits spread attacks dividing system isolated security zones. Dedicated horizontal isolation devices deployed between Production Control Zone Management Information Zone, blocking unauthorized access protecting core control networks.

2.2 Parastina Ewlehî Danyan

Parastina danyan di sisteman derzan de dike sê dimensiyonên: şifrandan, verifikasyon integriti û parastina berdestan.

• Data Encryption: A hybrid approach combining symmetric (e.g., AES) and asymmetric (e.g., RSA) encryption ensures confidentiality. For instance, SM2/SM4 national cryptographic algorithms are used in vertical encryption devices to secure dispatch data network packets, preventing data leakage.

• Integrity Verification: Digital signatures based on SHA-256 ensure data has not been tampered with. In substation automation systems, SCADA data packets are signed, allowing receivers to verify integrity in real time.

• Storage Security:

• Backup & Recovery: A "local + offsite" dual-active backup strategy, combined with snapshot and incremental backup technologies, enables rapid recovery. For example, provincial dispatch centers use NAS arrays with synchronous replication to disaster recovery sites, achieving RPO (Recovery Point Objective) within minutes.

• Access Control: Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) models restrict permissions—e.g., dispatchers can view real-time data, while maintenance staff access only logs.

• Data Masking: Sensitive information (e.g., user accounts, locations) is anonymized via substitution or masking to prevent exposure.

2.3 Nisandana Identiteyê û Kontrol Destûr

Nisandana identiteyê û kontrol destûr dike standartên bilind ên parastina û auditabilitî.

• Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by combining passwords, digital certificates, and biometrics (e.g., fingerprint, iris). For example, when a dispatcher logs into the EMS system, they must enter a one-time password, insert a USB token, and verify their fingerprint.

• Digital Certificates based on PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) enable secure device authentication and key distribution. In substation vertical encryption devices, SM2 national certificates ensure mutual authentication and trusted communication.

• Fine-Grained Access Control:

• Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) dynamically assigns permissions based on user attributes (role, department), resource attributes (device type, sensitivity), and environmental factors (time, location). For instance, on-duty dispatchers can access real-time data during work hours but cannot modify equipment parameters.

• Micro-Segmentation using Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP) and Zero Trust Architecture isolates systems at a granular level. In cloud-deployed monitoring systems, SDP dynamically opens access channels only after user authentication, minimizing the attack surface.

• Audit & Traceability: All authentication and access events are logged for forensic analysis. The 4A platform (Account, Authentication, Authorization, Audit) centralizes user behavior logs. SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) systems perform cross-system log correlation, providing an evidence chain for incident investigations.

3. Implementation of Security Protection Measures

3.1 Physical Security Measures

Physical security is the foundation of system reliability, requiring a multi-layered, integrated approach.

• Environmental Monitoring: Sensors for temperature, humidity, smoke, and water detect anomalies in real time. In provincial dispatch centers, automated HVAC systems respond to threshold breaches, maintaining optimal operating conditions.

• Access Control & Video Surveillance: Integrated door access and CCTV systems monitor entry/exit 24/7, preventing unauthorized access.

• Electromagnetic Shielding: Conductive materials (e.g., copper mesh, conductive paint) are used in critical areas. Faraday cage designs in substation control rooms effectively block lightning-induced electromagnetic pulses (LEMP) and radio interference, preventing SCADA malfunctions.

• Equipment Redundancy: Dual power supplies and network links ensure continuity. Core switches in dispatch systems use hot standby mode, achieving RTO (Recovery Time Objective) in seconds.

• Environmental Resilience: Outdoor RTUs (Remote Terminal Units) are designed with explosion-proof, waterproof, and corrosion-resistant enclosures meeting IP67 standards.

• Perimeter Protection: Electronic fences and infrared beam sensors secure critical sites like substations and control centers.

3.2 Operational Security Measures

Operational security focuses on system hardening, security auditing, and vulnerability management.

• System Hardening: Unnecessary services are disabled, minimal permissions are enforced, and security policies are enabled. For example, Linux servers disable remote root login and use SSH key authentication. Firewalls restrict port access, and baseline configurations (e.g., disabling Guest accounts) are applied to OS and databases.

• Security Auditing: SIEM platforms monitor system operations, network traffic, and application behavior in real time. By correlating login logs, device operations, and network access, abnormal activities (e.g., after-hours logins, cross-region access) are detected. Behavioral modeling establishes normal baselines, triggering alerts when deviations occur.

• Vulnerability Management: A closed-loop process of detection → assessment → remediation → verification is established. Tools like Nessus or OpenVAS scan for vulnerabilities. High-risk issues (e.g., SQL injection, RCE) are prioritized. After fixes, penetration testing verifies remediation effectiveness.

3.3 Emergency Response and Disaster Recovery

A full lifecycle mechanism—Prevention → Detection → Response → Recovery—is essential.

• Risk Assessment: Identify potential threats (e.g., natural disasters, ransomware) and develop targeted emergency plans. For ransomware, plans include isolating infected devices, restoring backups, and rebuilding systems. Regular drills validate plan effectiveness.

• Response Team: Establish a dedicated team with clear roles (command, technical, logistics) for rapid incident response.

• Disaster Recovery:

• Data Backup: "Local + offsite" dual-active strategy with snapshots and incremental backups ensures fast recovery (RPO in minutes).

• System Restoration: Automation tools (e.g., Ansible, Puppet) enable rapid re-deployment of OS and applications, minimizing RTO.

4. Conclusion

In summary, security protection technologies and measures are critical to the stable operation of power monitoring systems. By establishing technical defenses in network, data, and identity security, and integrating physical, operational, and emergency response measures, power systems can effectively resist internal and external threats.

Going forward, the defense framework must continuously evolve—incorporating intelligent analytics, zero-trust architecture, and automated response—to meet the demands of new power systems and support the secure digital transformation of the power industry.