Maddadi da Sabbin Faktor da Inganci

Abubuwan da Masu Kayan Aiki na Iya Karamin Inganci

A cikin siffar zafi mai tsabta, iya karamin inganci tana nufin kwayoyin kwamfuta (da ake baka a kwanaki kilowatts, kW) zuwa kwamfuta mafi shiga (da ake baka a kwanaki kilovolt-ampere, kVA). Iya karamin inganci mai hagu ta nuna cewa abu mai tsabta ba ta amfani da zafi mai tsabta da yake da ita da kayayyakin. Wannan ba da kayayyaki zai iya haɗa zuwa abubuwa masu, kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da mutanen ƙasa da kuma gajeruwar siffar da dukkan. A wannan lafazin, za mu gudanar da abubuwan da masu kayan aiki da iya karamin inganci mai hagu a cikin siffar zafi mai tsabta.

Abu mai yawan kayan aiki wajen iya karamin inganci mai hagu shine yawan abubuwa masu inductance. A cikin siffar da yake da inductance kawai, alama ta fi shirye ta faru 90 digiri. Wannan farkon shirye mai yawa ya haɗa zuwa iya karamin inganci mai ranar ɗaya, wanda yana nufin cewa ba abu mai tsabta ba ta amfani da kwamfuta mafi shiga; amma, zafi ne ke tafi da kuma ɗauka a cikin sauyin inductor bayan da ba a yi aiki mai yawa ba. A cikin siffar da suka da capacitance da inductance, iya karamin inganci ba ta ranar ɗaya. Amma, duk da cewa a cikin siffar resonance ko tuned da inductive reactance XL ta shi da capacitive reactance XC, wanda yake da siffar ta yi aiki daidai, farkon shirye θ a kan alama da faru ya ci gaba. Wannan farkon shirye, da inductance da capacitance suka shiga, yana haɗa zuwa maƙaranta mai yawa ta iya karamin inganci, wanda yake da yin aiki mai yawa.

Abubuwan da Masu Kayan Aiki na Iya Karamin Inganci Mai Hagu
Abubuwan da Masu Kayan Aiki na Iya Karamin Inganci Mai Hagu

Abubuwa da duka suke haɗa zuwa iya karamin inganci mai hagu a cikin siffar zafi mai tsabta, kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan:

Abubuwa masu Inductance

Abubuwa masu inductance, kamar motoci da transformers, suna da kayan aiki mafi yawa. Waɗannan abubuwa sun amfani da reactive power daga siffar, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai lagging. A cikin siffar masu inductance, alama ta fi shirye ta faru, wanda yake da yin farkon shirye wanda yake da yin reactive power component. Iya karamin inganci a kan abubuwa masu inductance yana bambanta daidai ga jihohin aiki:

• Full Load: Yanzu, iya karamin inganci (Pf) ta shi a nan 0.8 zuwa 0.9.

• Small Load: Yana ƙoƙarin zuwa 0.2 zuwa 0.3.

• No Load: Iya karamin inganci zai iya ƙoƙarin zuwa 0. A cikin abubuwa masu inductance mai ranar ɗaya, iya karamin inganci ta shi ɗaya, wanda yana nufin cewa ba a yi aiki mai yawa ba, amma zafi ne ke tafi da kuma ɗauka a cikin sauyin inductor.

Abubuwa masu Capacitance

Abubuwa masu capacitance, kamar capacitors, suna da kayan aiki wajen ƙara iya karamin inganci ta ƙara reactive power. Amma, idan capacitance ya fi yawa, zai iya haɗa zuwa overcompensation, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai leading. Duk da cewa abubuwa masu capacitance mai ranar ɗaya ta shi iya karamin inganci ɗaya, saboda alama ta fi shirye ta faru 90 digiri, ba ta samun net real-power transfer ba.

Harmonics

Harmonics suna nufin distortions masu sin waves wanda ke faru a cikin siffar da suka da abubuwa masu electronics, kamar computers, servers, da wasu abubuwa masu digital. Waɗannan distortions sun haɗa zuwa reactive power mai yawa, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai hagu. Yawan harmonics yana ƙoƙarin sinusoidal nature ta alama da faru, wanda yake da yin inefficiencies a cikin amfani da kwamfuta.

Magnetizing Current

Abu a kan siffar ba ta daidai. A lokacin da abu mai hagu, zafi ta shi da yake da yin shirya. Wannan shiryan zafi ta shi da yake da yin magnetizing current a kan abubuwa masu inductance, kamar transformers da motoci. Saboda haka, iya karamin inganci ta shi ƙoƙarin, saboda zafi ta shi da yake da yin reactive power da yawa relative to real power.

Wiring Mai Hagu

Wiring mai hagu, musamman a motor windings, zai iya haɗa zuwa voltage drops mai yawa. Waɗannan voltage drops sun haɗa zuwa reactive power a siffar, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai hagu. Wiring mai hagu yana ƙoƙarin flow of electrical current, wanda yake da yin resistive losses da increased impedance, wanda yake da yin performance of power factor.

Distribution Lines Mai Yawa

Distribution lines mai yawa suna da kayan aiki mafi yawa wajen iya karamin inganci mai hagu. Idan zafi ta shi da yake da yin distances mai yawa, resistance da reactance a kan lines sun haɗa zuwa voltage drops. Waɗannan voltage drops sun haɗa zuwa reactive power mai yawa, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai hagu a siffar. Yawancin line, yawan effects yana ƙoƙarin.

Loads Mai Bincike

Loads mai bincike, inda abu mai tsabta ba ta daidai a cikin phases a three-phase system, suna haɗa zuwa reactive power component mai yawa. Wannan binciken yana haɗa zuwa inefficiencies a cikin amfani da kwamfuta, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai hagu. Loads mai bincike suna da kayan aiki mafi yawa wajen yin stress a kan abubuwa masu zafi, wanda yake da yin failure mai hagu.

Masu Kayan Aiki na Iya Karamin Inganci Mai Hagu

Waɗannan ne masu kayan aiki mafi yawa na iya karamin inganci mai hagu a cikin siffar zafi mai tsabta:

Abubuwa masu Zafi

• Distribution Transformers: Iya karamin inganci a kan distribution transformer yana bambanta da design, da kuma level of loading and unloading. A cikin umumma, transformer mai hagu ta shi iya karamin inganci mai hagu saboda requirements for magnetizing current.

• Lighting Systems

• Incandescent Lamps: Suken da iya karamin inganci ta 50%.

• Mercury Vapor Lamps: Iya karamin ingancinta ta shi 40% zuwa 60%.

• Motors

• Induction Motors: Iya karamin inganci a kan induction motors yana bambanta daidai, daga 30% a small loads zuwa 90% a full load.

• Synchronous Motors: Idan an yi aiki a kan under-excited conditions, synchronous motors suna da iya karamin inganci mai hagu.

• Specialized Equipment

• Welding Transformers: Suna da iya karamin inganci ta 60%.

• Industrial Heating Furnaces: Operation suna haɗa zuwa iya karamin inganci mai hagu saboda nature of the electrical loads involved.

• Solenoids and Chokes: Waɗannan components masu inductance suna haɗa zuwa poor power-factor performance.

• Arc Lamps: Duk da cewa waɗannan suna da iya karamin inganci mai hagu, similar to other electrical lighting sources.

System-Level Issues

• Under-Excited Synchronous Motors: Idan an yi aiki a kan load with insufficient excitation, synchronous motors suna amfani da reactive power mai yawa, wanda yake da yin iya karamin inganci mai hagu.

• Inadequate Wiring Practices: Ba a yi amfani da rated wire size a motor windings zai iya haɗa zuwa problems with power factor, kamar yadda aka bayyana a nan.

• Mechanical Issues in Motors: Bearings mai hagu a motors zai iya haɗa zuwa mechanical stress, wanda yake da yin electrical characteristics of the motor, wanda yake da yin decrease in power factor.

Addressing iya karamin inganci mai hagu yana da kayan aiki, saboda yana da disadvantages, including energy losses mai yawa, electricity bills mai yawa, da kuma reduced system capacity. Don ƙara iya karamin inganci, akwai solutions da ake iya yi. Waɗannan suna ƙunshi installing power-factor-correction equipment, kamar capacitors, upgrading abubuwa masu zafi don minimize losses, da kuma optimizing system design don reduce reactive-power consumption. Fahimtar abubuwan da masu kayan aiki na iya karamin inganci mai hagu yana da kyau don identify areas of improvement and ensuring the efficient and cost-effective operation of electrical systems.