Karamin Dabbobi (EMF)
Karamin dabbobi na nufin abubuwan da take gudanar da kayan dabbobi wajen kawo shiga babban tushen dabbobi daga yankin minus zuwa yankin plus. Ma'ana ta ce volt (V). Bisa ga haka, shi ne matsalolin da ke nuna kyakkyawan kayan dabbobi wajen kawo shiga abubuwan da za su iya yi aiki. Yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa sunan "karamin dabbobi" ba na musamman don aikin jikin ko kayan yanayi, amma ya faruwa daga ingantattun zabe da karshe, yanayi, kafuwarsa, da sauransu suka zama dabbobi. Misali, a cikin batatashen, dabbobi take faruwa daga zabe da karshe, amma a cikin solar cells, yanayi take zama dabbobi tare da karfin photoelectric.
Tushen Daɗi da Tushi: A cikin tushen daɗi, EMF take takarda mai zurfi a cikin tushi (mai zurfi daɗi) da kuma tsari mai zurfi a kan abubuwan da ake iya.
Takarda: Karamin dabbobi ya kamata ake takarda da voltmeter idan tushi ya kasance, teoriyan baki daya ba ya faruwa, don haka ana iya magance taron mai zurfi daɗi.
Alama
Alama ce wani abubuwan da ke da bayanan da ake amfani da ita a cikin wasu masu amfani ko tushen kontrol. Zai iya zama dabbobi, yanayi, kamar yau, da sauransu. A cikin electronics, alamomin da ake amfani da su ke yawanci suka zama tsari ko dabbobi na lokaci da ke da bayanan, amurkar, ko wani bayanai na musamman.
Analog da Digital Alamomai:
Alamomin Analog: Abubuwan da ke badala tsakanin lokacin, misali temperature, pressure, da za su iya zama dabbobi ko tsari na lokaci da ke da bayanan.
Alamomin Digital: Tsarin adadin da suke da hanyoyi, musamman binary numbers (0s da 1s), da ake amfani da su a cikin computer systems da digital communications.
Amfani: Alamomin da za su iya amfani don bayyana bayanai (misali, radio waves), kontrol tushen (misali, feedback dari sensor), ko kuma zama abubuwan da ake amfani don sabbin aiki (misali, audio signal processing).
A halin haka, karamin dabbobi ce wani matsala na kyakkyawan kayan dabbobi wajen bayyana energy, amma alama ce wani abubuwan da ake amfani don bayyana bayanai. Waɗannan labaran matsalar ke cikin yankunan da dama, kamar electrical supply da information exchange. Fahimtacce ta farkon waɗannan labaran yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar ilimin electrical engineering da electronic information.