Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is a Sensor ?Sensor DefinitionA sensor is a device that responds to changes in physical phenomena or environmental variables, converting them into readable signals.Sensor CalibrationSensors need calibration against a reference value for accurate measurements.Active and Passive SensorsActive sensors generate power within themselves, while passive sensors require an external power source.Types of Sensors Temperature Pressure Force Speed LightElectrical SensorSensors that detect and measure el

What is a Thermopile ?Thermopile DefinitionA thermopile is a device that converts heat into electricity using the thermoelectric effect, leveraging temperature differences across different metals.Functioning PrincipleThermopiles generate voltage through the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage, a principle discovered by Thomas Seebeck.Voltage ProductionThe voltage output of a thermopile is proportional to the temperature difference and the number of thermocouple pai

What is Anderson’s Bridge ?Anderson’s Bridge DefinitionAnderson’s Bridge is used to measure low-quality factor circuits by comparing known resistance and capacitance values.Double BalanceIt achieves double balance by fixing the capacitance and varying resistance.High AccuracyKnown for its precision in measuring inductors ranging from micro Henry to several Henry.Experimental MethodSet the signal frequency, adjust resistances, and use the derived formulas to find the unknown inductance.Advantages

What is an Oscillators?Oscillator DefinitionAn oscillator is a circuit that converts direct current from a DC source into a continuous alternating waveform, typically without any external input.Energy DynamicsOscillators maintain their output by converting electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and back, using components like capacitors and inductors.Feedback MechanismsThe sustainability of oscillations in an oscillator circuit is achieved through feedback mechanisms that compensate for e

What is a Signal Generator?Signal Generator DefinitionA signal generator is defined as a device that produces electronic signals and waveforms for testing and designing electronic equipment.Function GeneratorsFunction generators create basic waveforms like sine and square waves using electronic oscillators.Arbitrary Waveform GeneratorsThese generators produce complex, user-defined waveforms for specialized testing.RF Signal GeneratorsRF signal generators generate radio frequencies using phase-lo

What is Crystal Oscillator ?Crystal Oscillator DefinitionA crystal oscillator is defined as a device that uses the inverse piezoelectric effect to convert vibrations into stable oscillations.Working PrincipleThe oscillator works by applying an alternating voltage to a crystal, causing it to vibrate at its natural frequency.Circuit DesignCrystal oscillators are designed to operate in series-resonant mode (low impedance) or parallel-resonant mode (high impedance).Frequency StabilityThey offer exce

What is a Klystron Tube？Klystron DefinitionA Klystron is a vacuum tube used to amplify or oscillate microwave signals, important in various high-frequency applications.Operating PrincipleKlystrons work by modulating the velocity of an electron beam within a vacuum tube to generate microwave energy.ApplicationsKlystrons are essential in devices like RADAR systems, radio receivers, and microwave transmitters.Technical SpecificationsKlystrons operate across a broad range of frequencies and power ou

What is QAM?QAM DefinitioQAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is defined as a modulation technique that combines phase and amplitude modulation to transmit information.Working PrincipleQAM changes both the amplitude and phase of a carrier wave to double the effective bandwidth.Analog vs Digital QAMAnalog QAM is used in traditional TV systems, while Digital QAM, known as Quantized QAM, is used in modern digital communications like Wi-Fi and cellular networks.QAM FormatsDifferent QAM formats, suc

What is a Relaxation Oscilloscope?Relaxation Oscillator DefinitionA relaxation oscillator is defined as a non-linear electronic circuit that generates non-sinusoidal repetitive signals, such as square and triangular waves.Components and FunctionIt utilizes non-linear elements and energy-storing components like capacitors and inductors, which charge and discharge to create oscillations.Working PrincipleThe operation is based on the continuous charging and discharging of an energy-storing componen

What is Sampling Oscilloscope ?Sampling Oscilloscope DefinitionA sampling oscilloscope is defined as an advanced type of digital oscilloscope designed to sample high-frequency waveforms by capturing multiple data points.Functioning of Sampling OscilloscopeIt operates by collecting samples from successive waveforms and reconstructing the complete waveform for display, useful for observing fast electrical signals.Sampling MethodsThere are two primary sampling methods: real-time sampling, which cap