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What is Control Engineering?Control Engineering DefinedControl engineering is the field of engineering that focuses on designing and optimizing systems to function in a desired, controlled manner using principles of control theory.Classical vs. ModernClassical control engineering uses transformed equations to analyze Single Input Single Output systems, while modern control tackles complex systems with state-space and vector methods.Historical SignificanceThe history of control engineering showca

What is Nyquist Criteria ?Nyquist Stability Criterion DefinitionThe Nyquist stability criterion is defined as a graphical technique used in control engineering to determine the stability of a dynamical system.Application of Nyquist CriterionIt applies to open-loop systems and can handle transfer functions with singularities, unlike Bode plots.Criterion FormulaZ = number of roots of 1+G(s)H(s) in right-hand side (RHS) of s-plane (It is also called zeros of characteristics equation)N = number of e

What is a SCADA System?SCADA DefinitionSCADA is defined as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, a system used for high-level process control and data management.Component Master Terminal Unit (MTU) Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) Communication Network (defined by its network topology)Functions To monitor and gather data in real-time To interact with field devices and control stations via Human Machine Interface (HMI), To record systems events into a log file To control the manufacturing processe

What is Steady State Error?Steady State Error DefinedSteady state error is the discrepancy between a control system’s desired and actual output values once the output has stabilized.Influence of Input TypesThe size of the steady state error varies with different types of inputs—zero for step inputs, a constant for ramp inputs, and infinite for parabolic inputs.System StabilityUnlike steady state error, the stability of a control system does not depend on the type of input but on the system’s tra

What is a Transfer Function?DC Gain DefinitionDC gain is the ratio of the steady-state output to the steady-state input of a control system when given a step input.Transfer FunctionA transfer function represents the relationship between a control system’s input and output using the Laplace transform.Final Value TheoremThe final value theorem helps find the DC gain by evaluating the transfer function at zero for continuous systems.Continuous vs. Discrete SystemsDC gain calculations differ between

What is Rise Time?Rise Time DefinitionRise time is defined as the duration it takes for a signal to increase from 10% to 90% of its steady value, indicating how quickly a signal changes.Rise Time FormulaThe rise time formula varies based on the system type.Calculation MethodTo calculate rise time, use the transfer function to determine time constants and calculate the times when the signal reaches 10% and 90% of its final value.Practical MeasurementRise time is typically measured using an oscill

What is a Optical Pyrometer ?Optical Pyrometer DefinitionAn optical pyrometer is a device that measures the temperature of glowing objects by comparing their brightness to a reference light.ConstructionIt is a simple device with a lens, lamp, colored glass, eyepiece, battery, ammeter, and rheostat.Working PrincipleIt operates by matching the brightness of the lamp filament to the brightness of the hot object.CalibrationThe temperature is determined by the ammeter reading when the filament and th

What is an Radiation Pyrometer ?Radiation Pyrometer DefinitionA radiation pyrometer is defined as a non-contact temperature sensor that measures temperature by detecting the thermal radiation emitted from an object.Measurement CapabilityRadiation pyrometers are particularly useful for measuring high temperatures that are inaccessible or hazardous for traditional contact sensors.Types of Radiation PyrometersFixed Focus Type Radiation PyrometerVariable Focus Type Radiation PyrometerAdvantages They

What are the Characteristics Of Sensor?Sensor DefinitionA sensor is defined as a device that detects and responds to physical input from the environment, converting it into a readable output.Sensor Characteristic Input characteristics Transfer characteristics Output characteristicsRange and SpanThe range is the sensor’s measurable limits, while the span is the difference between the maximum and minimum values it can measure.Accuracy vs. PrecisionAccuracy is the closeness to the true value, while

What is a Voltage Sensor?Voltage Sensor DefinitionA voltage sensor is a device that measures voltage in an object, handling both AC and DC types.Working PrincipleVoltage sensors function by converting the input voltage into a variety of outputs such as analog signals or audible alerts.Types of Voltage SensorsCapacitive Voltage SensorResistive Voltage SensorCircuit Diagram InsightsUnderstanding circuit diagrams of voltage sensors helps in grasping how they function and are connected.Advantages Sm