Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Partial Discharge (PD) Detection in GISBoth UHF (Ultra-High Frequency) and ultrasonic methods are effective for detecting partial discharges (PD) in Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS), each with distinct advantages: UHF Method: Detects PD pulses via high-frequency electromagnetic waves generated by PD activity within GIS. Ultrasonic Method: Identifies ultrasonic waves produced by bubble shocks caused by PD.Key Monitoring DataThe main data monitored by a GIS PD monitoring system includes: UHF PD sign

A broken neutral in a circuit with a standard breaker poses a shock hazard because the breaker does not monitor or protect the neutral wire. The internal mechanism of a standard breaker is not designed to detect ground-fault currents during operation. Standard circuit breakers are engineered to protect against overloads and short circuits, not ground faults.Standard breakers monitor current in the hot wire and trip if the current exceeds the breaker’s rating—typically due to

DefinitionA hygrometer is used to measure the humidity in the surrounding environment, where "humidity" refers to the amount of water vapor in a gas. Hygrometers operate on the principle that the physical properties of materials change in response to humidity, enabling measurement.Humidity is classified into two types: Absolute Humidity: Represents the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air. Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual water vapor pressure to the maximum water vapor pressure

DefinitionA photoelectric transducer is a semiconductor device that converts light energy into electrical energy. It employs a photosensitive element that emits electrons when struck by light, altering the element’s electrical properties and inducing a current proportional to the intensity of the absorbed light.The schematic below illustrates the structure of the semiconductor material.A photoelectric transducer absorbs light radiation incident on its semiconductor material. This absor

DC Potentiometer Method for Resistance MeasurementThe DC potentiometer method is employed to measure low-value unknown resistances by comparing them with a standard resistance. This involves measuring the voltage drops across both the known (standard) and unknown resistances, then determining the unknown resistance through comparison.To understand this, consider the circuit diagram: Rrepresents the unknown resistance to be measured. Sis the standard resistance against whichRis compared. A rheost

DefinitionA Platinum Thermal Resistance (PTR), also known as a Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT), utilizes platinum as the sensing material to measure temperature. Its operation is grounded in the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum varies predictably with temperature changes. This type of thermometer is capable of accurately measuring temperatures within a wide range, from -200°C to 1200°C.Platinum, an inert metal, possesses excellent malleability, allowing

Circuit Breaker Operation for Fault ProtectionA standard circuit breaker is a critical safety device designed to interrupt electrical current during faults, such as overloads or short circuits, thereby preventing damage to the electrical system, overheating of wires, and fire hazards. Its protective action ensures the safety and reliability of the circuit.Short Circuit Protection What Happens: A short circuit occurs when a low-resistance path (e.g., direct contact between live and neutral wires)

DefinitionAHot Wire Anemometeris a device used to measure thevelocity and direction of a fluid flowby quantifying the heat loss from a heated wire exposed to the fluid stream. The wire is heated via an electric current, and its temperature change—caused by heat transfer to the fluid—serves as an indicator of flow characteristics.When the heated wire is placed in the fluid stream, heat is convected from the wire to the fluid, causing the wire’s temperature to drop. T

What is a Coaxial Cable?A coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable designed to transmit high-frequency electrical signals with minimal interference. It features a central conductor(typically copper or copper-plated wire) surrounded by a cylindricalinsulating layer, which is then enclosed by aconductive shield. This shield usually consists of one to four layers of woven/braided aluminum or copper wire, often combined with aluminum foil for enhanced performance.Key Components and Construction C

A transmission line serves the crucial function of conveying electrical power from generating substations to diverse distribution units. It effectively transmits voltage and current waves from one end to the other. Structurally, a transmission line consists of a conductor that maintains a consistent cross - section throughout its length. Meanwhile, air functions as the insulating or dielectric medium situated between the conductors, playing a vital role in preventing electrical leakage and ensur