Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What are Bundled Conductors?We can often see the transmission lines where instead of a single conductor per phase multiple conductors per phase are being used. A metallic structure called spacers groups the conductors of a phase. These spaces help to maintain a constant distance between the conductors throughout their length, avoid clashing of conductors amongst themselves and also allowing them to be connected in parallel. Each phase can have two, three, or four conductors. The figures below sh

Single stranded conductors are used in transmission system usually up to 220 KV. But it is not possible to use single-stranded conductor for the voltage above 220 KV systems. For very high voltage system, hollow conductor can be used to optimize the flow of current through it. But erection and maintenance of hollow conductors in the ∑HV system are not economical. The problem can be solved by using bundled conductors instead of hollow conductor in the electrical transmission system above 220 KV v

What is Sag in a Transmission Line?In a transmission line, sag is defined as the vertical difference in level between points of support (most commonly transmission towers) and the lowest point of the conductor. The calculationof sag and tension in a transmission line depends on the span of the overhead conductor.Span having equal level supports (i.e. towers of the same height) is called level span. Conversely, when the span has unequal levels of support, this is known as unequal level span.Consi

What are ABCD Parameters?ABCD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameters) are generalized circuit constants used to help model transmission lines. More specifically, ABCD parameters are used in the two port network representation of a transmission line. The circuit of such a two-port network is shown below:A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power from one place (eg. generating station) to another (e.g. substations or residenti

There are three main types of Overhead Transmission Lines: Short transmission line– The line length is up to 60 km and the line voltage is comparatively low less than 20KV. Medium transmission line– The line length is between 60 km to 160 km and the line voltage is between 20kV to 100kV. Long transmission line– The line length is more than 160 km and the line voltage is high greater than 100KV.Whatever may be the category of transmission line, the main aim is to transmit power from one end to an

Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, mentions, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of different overhead transmission lines.As per Indian Electricity Rule 1956, Clause No 77, the minimum distance between bottom conductor and ground of a 400KV transmission line is 8.84 meter.As per this clause, of IE 1956, minimum ground clearance of 33KV uninsulated electrical conductor is 5.2 meter.This clearance is increased by 0.3 meter for every 33KV above 33KV.According to this l

Surge Impedance Loading is a very essential parameter when it comes to the study of power systems as it is used in the prediction of maximum loading capacity of transmission lines.However before understanding SIL, we first need to have an idea of what is Surge Impedance (Zs). It can be defined in two ways one a simpler one and other a bit rigorous.Method 1It is a well known fact that a long transmission lines (> 250 km) have distributed inductance and capacitance as its inherent property. Whe

What are T Parameters?T parameters are defined as transmission line parameters or ABCD parameters. In a two-port network, port-1 is considered as sending end and port-2 is considered as receiving end. In the network diagram below, port-1 terminMaster ABCD parameters—calculate T-parameters via open/short circuit tests to represent short, medium & long transmission lines in two-port network models.als represent the input (sending) port. Similarly, port-2 terminals represent the output (receivi

There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a particular scheme depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system, flexibility needed in system and cost to be expensed.The Main Criterias to be Considered During Selection of one Particular Bus – Bar Arrangement Scheme Simplicity of system. Easy maintenance of different equipments. Minimizing the outage during maintenance. Future provision of extension with growth of demand. Op

Electrical SubstationNow days the electrical power demand is increasing very rapidly. For fulfilling these huge power demands the modern time requires creation of bigger and bigger power generating stations. These power generating stations may be hydro-electric, thermal or atomic. Depending upon the availability of resources these stations are constructed different places. These places may not be nearer to load centers where the actual consumption of power takes place.So it is necessary to trans