Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Skin Effect DefinedSkin effect in transmission lines is the phenomenon where AC current concentrates near the conductor’s surface, increasing its effective resistance.Skin effect is defined as the tendency of an AC current to distribute unevenly over the cross-section of a conductor, such that the current density is highest near the surface of the skin of the conductor and decreases exponentially towards the core. This means that the inner part of the conductor carries less current than the oute

Method of EarthingWe connect all the points to be earthed to the earthing grid using corrosion-resistant mild steel rods, buried at least 600 mm below ground. If these rods cross a cable trench, road, underground pipework, or rail track, they should be at least 300 mm below the barrier.We use MS rods for connecting the earth grid below ground level and MS flats above ground. The connection between different earthing points and the earthing grid is called the riser. We use MS flats for the riser

What is an Electrical Isolation Switch?Isolator DefinitionAn isolator in electrical systems is a manually operated mechanical switch that separates a part of the circuit for safe maintenance.A circuit breaker trips the circuit, but its open contacts are not visible from the outside. Therefore, it is unsafe to touch an electrical circuit by just switching off the breaker. For better safety, we need a way to visibly confirm that the circuit is open before touching it. An isolator is a mechanical s

What is the Ferranti Effect?Ferranti Effect DefinitionThe Ferranti effect is defined as the increase in voltage at the receiving end of a long transmission line compared to the sending end. This effect is more noticeable when the load is very small or there is no load (open circuit). It can be described as a factor or a percentage increase.In general practice, current flows from higher potential to lower potential to balance the electrical potential difference. Usually, the sending end voltage i

Equivalent circuit of a transmission line

JFET DefinitionA JFET is a type of transistor that controls current flow using an electric field.During purchasing a JFET for a particular application we need to check the specifications of the device. These specifications are provided by manufacturers. The followings are the parameters used to specify a JFET and these are Gate Cut Off Voltage (VGS(off)) Shorted Gate Drain Current (IDSS) Transconductance (gmo) Dynamic Output Resistance (rd) Amplification Factor (μ)Gate Cut Off VoltageAt a fixed

What is LED?LED DefinitionA Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when electric current flows through it.Older LED technologies used gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), gallium phosphide (GaP), and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs).LEDs produce visible light through the electroluminescence effect, occurring when direct current passes through a doped crystal with a PN junction.Doping involves adding elements from columns III and V of the periodic table. When energ

How Dose an LED Work?LED DefinitionAn LED, or Light Emitting Diode, is defined as a semiconductor device that emits light when electrically energized through a process called electroluminescence.How an LED worksLike an ordinary diode, the LED diode works when it is forward biased. In this case, the n-type semiconductor is heavily doped than the p-type forming the p-n junction. When it is forward biased, the potential barrier gets reduced and the electrons and holes combine at the depletion layer

White LED DefinitionA white LED is defined as a lighting technology that uses various methods to produce white light from LEDs, now widely used in multiple lighting applications.White Light Emitting Diodes, or White LEDs, have revolutionized lighting. Initially, LEDs were limited to indicators, displays, and emergency lighting. Now, white LEDs are used in almost all lighting applications, from indoor lighting to street lighting to flood lighting, making them ubiquitous.LEDs cannot naturally emit

Transistor Current Components DefinitionThe current components in a transistor include emitter current (IE), base current, and collector current.In NPN transistors, current flows due to electrons, while in PNP transistors, it flows due to holes, resulting in opposite current directions. Let’s explore the current components in a PNP transistor with a common base configuration. The emitter-base junction (JE) is forward biased, and the collector-base junction (JC) is reverse biased. The figure show