Lightning conductor

Calculation of voltage

Calculate resistance using voltage, current, power, or impedance in AC/DC circuits. “Tendency of a body to oppose the passage of an electric current.” Calculation Principle Based on Ohm's Law and its derivatives: ( R = frac{V}{I} = frac{P}{I^2} = frac{V^2}{P} = frac{Z}{text{Power Factor}} ) Where: R : Resistance (Ω) V : Voltage (V) I : Current (A) P : Power (W) Z : Impedance (Ω) Power Factor : Ratio of active to apparent power (0–1) Parameters Current Type Direct Current (DC) : Current flows steadily from positive to negative pole. Alternating Current (AC) : Direction and amplitude vary periodically with constant frequency. Single-phase system : Two conductors — one phase and one neutral (zero potential). Two-phase system : Two phase conductors; neutral is distributed in three-wire systems. Three-phase system : Three phase conductors; neutral is included in four-wire systems. Voltage Difference in electric potential between two points. Input method: • Single-phase: Enter Phase-Neutral voltage • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter Phase-Phase voltage Current Flow of electric charge through a material, measured in amperes (A). Power Electric power supplied or absorbed by a component, measured in watts (W). Power Factor Ratio of active power to apparent power: ( cos phi ), where ( phi ) is the phase angle between voltage and current. Value ranges from 0 to 1. Pure resistive load: 1; inductive/capacitive loads: < 1. Impedance Total opposition to alternating current flow, including resistance and reactance, measured in ohms (Ω).

Active power, also known as real power, is the portion of electrical power that performs useful work in a circuit—such as producing heat, light, or mechanical motion. Measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), it represents the actual energy consumed by a load and is the basis for electricity billing. This tool calculates active power based on voltage, current, power factor, apparent power, reactive power, resistance, or impedance. It supports both single-phase and three-phase systems, making it ideal for motors, lighting, transformers, and industrial equipment. Parameter Description Parameter Description Current Type Select circuit type: • Direct Current (DC): Constant flow from positive to negative pole • Single-phase AC: One live conductor (phase) + neutral • Two-phase AC: Two phase conductors, optionally with neutral • Three-phase AC: Three phase conductors; four-wire system includes neutral Voltage Electric potential difference between two points. • Single-phase: Enter **Phase-Neutral voltage** • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter **Phase-Phase voltage** Current Flow of electric charge through a material, unit: Amperes (A) Power Factor Ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating efficiency. Value between 0 and 1. Ideal value: 1.0 Apparent Power Product of RMS voltage and current, representing total power supplied. Unit: Volt-Ampere (VA) Reactive Power Energy alternately flowing in inductive/capacitive components without conversion to other forms. Unit: VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) Resistance Opposition to DC current flow, unit: Ohm (Ω) Impedance Total opposition to AC current, including resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Unit: Ohm (Ω) Calculation Principle The general formula for active power is: P = V × I × cosφ Where: - P: Active power (W) - V: Voltage (V) - I: Current (A) - cosφ: Power factor Other common formulas: P = S × cosφ P = Q / tanφ P = I² × R P = V² / R Example: If voltage is 230V, current is 10A, and power factor is 0.8, then active power is: P = 230 × 10 × 0.8 = 1840 W Usage Recommendations Monitor active power regularly to assess equipment efficiency Use data from energy meters to analyze consumption patterns and optimize usage Consider harmonic distortion when dealing with nonlinear loads (e.g., VFDs, LED drivers) Active power is the basis for electricity billing, especially under time-of-use pricing schemes Combine with power factor correction to improve overall energy efficiency

Power Factor Calculation The power factor (PF) is a critical parameter in AC circuits that measures the ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating how efficiently electrical energy is being used. An ideal value is 1.0, meaning voltage and current are in phase with no reactive losses. In real systems, especially those with inductive loads (e.g., motors, transformers), it is typically less than 1.0. This tool calculates the power factor based on input parameters such as voltage, current, active power, reactive power, or impedance, supporting single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. Parameter Description Parameter Description Current Type Select circuit type: • Direct Current (DC): Constant flow from positive to negative pole • Single-phase AC: One live conductor (phase) + neutral • Two-phase AC: Two phase conductors, optionally with neutral • Three-phase AC: Three phase conductors; four-wire system includes neutral Voltage Electric potential difference between two points. • Single-phase: Enter **Phase-Neutral voltage** • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter **Phase-Phase voltage** Current Flow of electric charge through a material, unit: Amperes (A) Active Power Actual power consumed by the load and converted into useful work (heat, light, motion). Unit: Watts (W) Reactive Power Energy alternately flowing in inductive/capacitive components without conversion to other forms. Unit: VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) Apparent Power Product of RMS voltage and current, representing total power supplied. Unit: VA (Volt-Ampere) Resistance Opposition to DC current flow, unit: Ohm (Ω) Impedance Total opposition to AC current, including resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Unit: Ohm (Ω) Calculation Principle Power factor is defined as: PF = P / S = cosφ Where: - P: Active power (W) - S: Apparent power (VA), S = V × I - φ: Phase angle between voltage and current Alternative formulas: PF = R / Z = P / √(P² + Q²) Where: - R: Resistance - Z: Impedance - Q: Reactive power Higher power factor means better efficiency and lower line losses Low power factor increases current, reduces transformer capacity, and may incur utility penalties Usage Recommendations Industrial users should monitor power factor regularly; target ≥ 0.95 Use capacitor banks for reactive power compensation to improve PF Utilities often charge extra fees for power factors below 0.8 Combine with voltage, current, and power data to assess system performance