An Intelligent Wind-Solar Hybrid System with Fuzzy-PID Control for Enhanced Battery Management and MPPT

2yrs + staff 1000+m² US$300,000,000+ China

Abstract

This proposal presents a wind-solar hybrid power generation system based on advanced control technology, aiming to efficiently and economically address the power needs of remote areas and special application scenarios. The core of the system lies in an intelligent control system centered around an ATmega16 microprocessor. This system performs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for both wind and solar energy and employs an optimized algorithm combining PID and fuzzy control for precise and efficient charging/discharging management of the key component – the battery. Consequently, it significantly enhances the overall power generation efficiency, extends the battery lifespan, and ensures power supply reliability and cost-effectiveness.

I. Project Background and Significance

Energy Context: Globally, traditional fossil fuels are increasingly depleted, posing severe challenges to energy security and sustainable development. Vigorously developing and utilizing clean, renewable new energy sources like wind and solar power has become a strategic priority for solving current energy and environmental issues.
System Value: The wind-solar hybrid system fully leverages the natural complementary characteristics of wind and solar energy in terms of timing and geography (e.g., strong sunlight during the day, potentially stronger winds at night), overcoming the intermittency of single-source power generation. It is a structurally rational, low-operating-cost independent power supply solution, effectively solving the energy supply problems for facilities such as residential living, communication base stations, and meteorological monitoring stations in un-electrified or weakly electrified remote areas.
Importance of Core Components: The battery, serving as the system's energy storage unit, is crucial for ensuring continuous power supply to the load during periods without wind or sunlight. Its cost constitutes a significant portion of the entire power generation system. Therefore, improving battery charging efficiency and optimizing its charge/discharge strategies to extend its service life are vital for reducing the system's lifecycle cost and enhancing operational reliability.

II. Overall System Design

System Core Objectives:

Energy Capture Optimization: Perform optimal control for maximum efficiency on the electricity generated by the wind turbine and photovoltaic panels, achieving Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to fully utilize natural resources.
Energy Storage System Management: Intelligently manage the battery charging and discharging process, preventing overcharging and over-discharging, effectively protecting the battery, and significantly improving its charging efficiency and service life.

System Hardware Architecture:

The system consists of three main functional modules, coordinated by a central control CPU to form a complete intelligent control system.

Module Name	Core Function Description
Core Control Module	Serves as the system control center, using the ATmega16 microprocessor. Responsible for receiving data from the detection module, running control algorithms, and outputting control commands via its PWM module.
Detection Module	Monitors in real-time key parameters including wind turbine output voltage, PV panel output voltage (used to determine if charging conditions are met), battery terminal voltage/estimated capacity, and load current.
Output Control Module	Executes specific charging/discharging current/voltage regulation based on commands from the core control module. Precisely controls the energy direction by adjusting the duty cycle of the power MOSFET.

III. Core Control Technology: Intelligent Battery Management

Battery Selection and Basics:

Type: This solution selects maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, which are technologically mature and low-cost, suitable for small-scale wind-solar hybrid systems.
Working Principle: Battery charging and discharging are essentially processes of converting electrical energy to chemical energy and vice versa. However, due to phenomena like electrode polarization, the energy conversion efficiency cannot reach 100%.

Control Challenges and Optimization Strategy:

Drawbacks of Traditional Control: Classic PID control methods heavily rely on an accurate mathematical model of the controlled object (the battery). The battery is a nonlinear, time-varying system whose parameters (internal resistance, electrolyte density, etc.) change dynamically with environmental temperature and usage state, making it difficult to establish a precise model. This leads to challenges in tuning traditional PID parameters, poor adaptability, and suboptimal control performance.
Adopted Advanced Control Method: This solution employs a Fuzzy-PID composite control strategy, combining the advantages of both:

Advantage of Fuzzy Control: Does not require an exact mathematical model of the controlled object, can handle imprecise input information, exhibits strong adaptability to changes in battery parameters, and can incorporate expert knowledge.
Advantage of PID Control: Can achieve high-precision, zero steady-state error control when the system deviation is small.

Controller Workflow: The system continuously monitors the difference e(t) between the battery's set voltage and its actual voltage. When the deviation e(t) is large, fuzzy control dominates for a rapid response. When e(t) decreases within a certain range, it smoothly switches to PID control for fine-tuning. Ultimately, the output signal u(t) is adjusted to control the MOSFET's duty cycle, achieving dynamic optimization of the charging current.

IV. Solution Summary and Prospects

Control Effectiveness: The wind-solar hybrid power generation control system designed in this solution successfully achieves optimal battery charge/discharge management through the complementary intelligent Fuzzy-PID control algorithm. This not only effectively protects the battery and extends its service life but also enhances the capture efficiency of wind and solar energy via MPPT, thereby improving the comprehensive efficiency of the entire power generation system.
Experimental Verification: Experimental results show that the controller is correctly and feasibly designed, operates safely and reliably, and exhibits good dynamic response performance and steady-state accuracy.
Application Prospects: This integrated wind-solar hybrid power generation solution with intelligent battery management technology is particularly suitable for scenarios such as remote areas without grid coverage, islands, pastures, and communication base stations. It offers significant economic and social benefits and has broad application prospects.

10/17/2025

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