Solucio Smart Meter Bazinda na Low-Voltage Power Line Carrier

1. Design Background and Core Positioning

1. Technical and Market Background
   Wanda ya tashin fahimtar computer, microelectronics da kuma tattalin arziki, yana ƙarfin tashin fahimta masu karkara (220V) ta samu sarrafa da take shiga muhimmiyar matsayin a cikin abubuwan tashin fahimta na zaman. Amma saboda wasu dabbobi da kuma kyauka da ke fara, ba a yi amfani da masu karkara mai karfi a hakanin gaba-gaban wata fiber optics ko tattalin arziki na sattalita.
2. System Positioning
   Masu karkara mai fahimta na zamani da aka haɗa a cikin wannan bayanin yana ƙarfin masu muhimmiya a cikin abubuwan tashin fahimta na zaman masu karkara mai karkara mai karfi. Yana aiki a cikin data concentrators da kuma backend management systems, don in bude aiki a matsayin tashin fahimta a cikin abubuwan yanayi kamar masu karkara mai karfi, masu karkara mai karfi (masu muhimmiya), da kuma substations, zai iya samun automatization da fahimta na zaman a cikin ci gaban karkara.

II. Smart Meter Hardware Design

1. Overall Hardware Architecture
   Sistemins hardware yana da takam tsari a kan microprocessing unit (MCU), da kuma modules da suke maimaita kamar watchdog, data storage, power-off detection, energy conversion, carrier communication, display unit, relay control, da kuma meter power supply. Har module ne yana aiki don in tabbatar da aiki da kyau da inganci a cikin tashin fahimta. (Tuntuɓi Figure 1 a cikin rubutun bayanin don taka bayanin tushen.)
2. Key Hardware Module Details
   | Hardware Module | Core Component / Specification | Main Function |
   |---------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
   | Control Unit (MCU) | AT89C2051 microcontroller | Tabbatar da bayanin tashin fahimta (calculating, storing); responds to concentrator commands (uploading energy data, executing power on/off); controls display. |
   | Energy Conversion Circuit | AD7755 high-precision integrated chip| Converts user-consumed energy (kW·h) into digital pulses processable by the MCU; a core feature of electronic meters. |
   | Carrier Communication Module | - | Connects to the power line via a coupling circuit; modulates and demodulates digital and analog signals for bidirectional data transmission. |
   | Display Unit | - | Displays energy consumption, time, usage periods (peak/flat/valley), tariff rates, etc., driven by software. |
   | Relay | - | Receives MCU commands; remains closed during normal operation, executes power-off in case of unpaid fees or remote commands for electricity management. |
   | Data Storage | 24CoX series storage chip | Stores critical data (e.g., energy consumption) during power outages; supports power-off preservation, long storage time, and uses I2C read/write method. |
   | Meter Power Supply | - | Provides stable power to all hardware circuits, including the MCU, communication module, and display unit. |
   | Power-Off Detection & Watchdog | - | Power-off detection: Monitors voltage and triggers data protection during abnormalities; Watchdog: Prevents program deadlocks and enables system auto-reset. |
3. Meter Working Principle
   • Energy Metering: User energy consumption is converted into digital pulses by the AD7755 chip. The MCU counts a specific number of pulses as 1 kW·h based on preset parameters and accumulates and stores them according to peak, flat, and valley periods.
   • Data Interaction: The data concentrator issues meter reading or control commands. The meter uploads stored energy data via the carrier module over the power line. If a power-off command is received, the MCU immediately controls the relay to execute the power-off operation.
   • Exception Protection: The power-off detection circuit notifies the MCU to quickly transfer critical data to the 24CoX chip when power abnormalities are detected. The watchdog module forces a system reset in case of program malfunctions, ensuring reliability.

III. Smart Meter Software Design

1. Programming Approach and Core Objectives
   A mix of assembly language and C language is used for programming, balancing program efficiency and development flexibility. The core objectives are to automate and intelligentize the meter’s functions while minimizing the MCU’s storage usage.
2. Main Program Modules
   • Data Acquisition and Processing Module: Collects energy pulses, calculates total user energy consumption, and categorizes statistics by period (peak/flat/valley).
   • Communication Interaction Module: Enables bidirectional communication with the concentrator, including clock synchronization, uploading real-time/monthly energy data, and receiving and executing relay commands (e.g., power on/off control).
   • Protection and Exception Handling Module: Integrates software watchdog, reliable power-on determination (preventing data corruption), power-off detection, and data processing, working with hardware to ensure system stability.
   • Time Period and Tariff Management Module: Sets period rules for multi-tariff applications, determines the current period in real-time, and provides a basis for differentiated metering.
   • Display Control Module: Drives the display unit to show energy consumption, time, tariff rates, and other information as needed, ensuring intuitive data visualization.
3. Software Main Program Flow
   After system startup, a "reliable power-on" determination is performed→parameters are initialized or historical data is read based on the determination result→time intervals are set and the current usage period is determined→whether it is the meter reading day is checked and data is prepared→power-off is detected in real-time and protection is triggered→carrier commands are detected and communication processing is executed→intervals are reset, and the cycle repeats. (Refer to Figure 2 in the original document for the detailed flow.)

IV. Remote Metering System and Application Prospects

1. System Composition and Functions
   The complete remote metering system consists of three parts:
   • Smart Meter: Responsible for terminal metering and command execution.
   • Data Concentrator: Responsible for intermediate data aggregation and command distribution.
   • Backend Management System: Responsible for data statistics, analysis, line loss calculation, exception alerts, and report generation.
   The core function of the system is to achieve full automation from energy collection→data transmission→statistical queries→line loss analysis→exception alerts→report generation, completely replacing manual meter reading.
2. Advantages and Prospects
   Compared to wireless or dedicated line solutions, this system leverages existing power lines, offering low investment costs, ease of maintenance, and significant potential for widespread adoption. It lays a solid technical foundation for future smart communities to achieve "remote transmission of three meters" (electricity, water, gas) and can further integrate with banking systems for automatic electricity fee deduction, greatly enhancing residential convenience.
3. Future Challenges
   • Technical Level: Continuous improvement in meter data retrieval rates (ensuring successful data transmission) and optimization of relay algorithms to enhance communication stability in complex power line environments.
   • Application Level: Adapting to power reform trends, promoting deeper integration of the system with advanced management functions such as load regulation and energy-saving analysis.