Tranzistor Yek Fazî me Zelal Bûyerkirina Darçinên Raşînê

1 Pêşnûmîna

Bibizanin da bêhêvekirina serbexalên demirrêjiyê û kêm kirina riskeyan dabeşdar çemkaniya sistemên kontrol telekomunikasyonê, nivîsar taybetandixwek tiştî girîngkirî ye bikarhatî ji bo dayînseriya sînorsî yên transformatora yek fasetî yên siravî yên bi pêvajoya lêzdegerî ya hêviyê, bi modela D10 - 1.2 - 30/10. Transformatora ku bi zevreka mazût hatîne hate destnîşankirî û formasyona tamamên serkerdî hatîne alîkarî (di navbera vê reyê dikarin wekî struktûra xerîf bike). Seriya transformatora wê tiştî pirantiyek taybetandî ye ji bo rêzikên kontrol demirrêjî û dikarin li ser cihên berdestkirina barnameyên bajarî û tarîmî de bikar bînin, bi hejmarên bircebikî.

2 Analîza Çemkaniya û Pirsgirêhake We
2.1 Xasîyeta Fîzikîya Çemkaniya

Çemkaniya di esasa de şocî neperiastî ye. Pêşeya vala ya wê zêdetir dibetin û piştî wan ra zêdetir dereng dibetin. Ji ber ku qadriya berbiyayê ya çemkaniya weraz dike, wê zêdetir xebitîn dibêje li ser pirantiyên elektrîkî.

2.2 Kategorî û Asîyana Çemkaniya

Çemkaniya yekêni divê were veguheztin: çemkaniya direk û çemkaniya induksiyonî. Çemkaniya direk forma çemkaniya e ye ku direk li ser rêzik û pirantiyek îşkirdar e. Hêman çemkaniya direk çend jêr hesab de çend zêdetir xebitîn dibêje, amma tehlîlê ya vê çemkaniya yekêneyek ên e; amma her du rojan dabeşdar çemkaniya induksiyonî e. Çemkaniya induksiyonî dibeja çemkaniya elektrostatîkî û çemkaniya elektromagnêtîkî: Çemkaniya elektrostatîkî ji ber over-voltage û electric field ûstîn da çemkaniya çewtîn û rizgar da were çêkirin; Çemkaniya elektromagnêtîkî ji ber over-voltage û electromagnetic induction effect ûstîn da çemkaniya çewtîn li ser rêzik ûstîn da were çêkirin. Amma tehlîlê ya vê çemkaniya yekêneyek ên e ku ji çemkaniya elektrostatîkî.

2.3 Nîşeyên Xebitînê li Ser Transformatora

Di daweriya operasyonê de, accidan ên transformatora bi çemkaniya bibizane dikarin digelînin. Accidan wê ji ber ku transformatora xebitîn dibêje, amma ji ber ku pirantiyên din û transformatora xebitîn dibêje, tehlîlê ya vê accidan ên e.

2.4 Mekanîzmê ya Xebitînê ya Transformatora bi Vala Çemkaniya

Xebitînê ya transformatora bi vala çemkaniya li vir dihêjin ji du ast: Yekemîn, qiymeta voltage impulse ya wê zêdetir e, di navbera 8-12 her çi zêdetir; Du'êmîn, çemkaniya bi vala çemkaniya weraz dike, bi vê yekê transformatora xebitîn dibêje. Di viriya şocan de, insulation principalek transformatora xebitîn dibêje. Ji ber ku çemkaniya bi vala çemkaniya freqencya berbiye û steep wave front e, potential gradient li ser bendeya pêşeya coil reach maximum value, ji ber vê yekê longitudinal insulation zêdetir easy to be broken down.

2.5 Berhevkirina Voltage Shock Wave di Coilekan Transformatora de

Heke şocan çemkaniya li vir primary winding transformatora were çêkirin, voltage coila bi çêrbarî zêdetir dibetin, wê bi halîkî high-voltage with very high frequency were çêkirin. Li vir vê yekê, over-voltage bi halîkî di secondary side de were çêkirin. Ji ber ku electrostatic capacitance coupling û magnetic field coupling di navbera primary û secondary windings de were çêkirin, over-voltage generated on the secondary side is related to the transformation ratio, but it is not a simple transformation ratio relationship. In some specific situations, this over-voltage may greatly exceed the insulation level of the secondary winding and the electrical equipment it carries, eventually leading to damage to the electrical equipment connected to the secondary winding. The over-voltage acting on the secondary winding is composed of both an electrostatic component and an electromagnetic component. The electromagnetic component can be calculated by the formula me/n (in the formula, n is the transformation ratio, e is the voltage on the primary side, m is the coupling coefficient, and the approximate value is 1).

Stray capacitances exist between a transformer's primary-secondary windings and between windings and the ground. When an impulse voltage is applied between the primary winding and the ground, the electrostatic impulse voltage on the secondary side depends on the distributed capacitances between windings and the ground, not the turns ratio. The transfer voltage t₂ between the secondary winding and the ground is t₂ = &t₁ (&: transfer/voltage transfer coefficient; t₁: impulse voltage on the primary-ground).

3 Single-phase Transformers with High Impulse Voltage Withstand Level

A power transformer's voltage transfer coefficient (t₂/t₁) usually ranges 0.2–0.9; a tested transformer had 0.25. Transformers undergo rated lightning impulse withstand voltage tests per voltage levels/national standards. This product (10 kV grid, tested at 15 kV) suffered no damage. Specially designed, the high-impulse-voltage-withstand transformer minimizes secondary over-voltage, resists lightning shocks, blocks interference currents, and boosts electrical performance. Tested by the Academy of Railway Sciences, its voltage transfer coefficient ≤ 1/200, reducing shock-wave transmission from primary to secondary below 1/200. Effective for protecting low-voltage equipment from lightning, it requires reliable grounding (potential differences during lightning can damage equipment; grounding the shell balances potentials, reducing impulse voltage). Impulse voltage intrusion paths into low-voltage equipment are complex (primary/secondary/ground-side; single or simultaneous). Reliable grounding is key.

4 Conclusion

The single-phase series transformer (with oil conservator, high impulse voltage withstand) abandons traditional oil conservator structures, achieving material-saving, easy-processing, and attractive design. The single-phase oil-immersed series (with oil conservator/fully sealed) has high lightning impulse resistance, reduces over-voltage, protects secondary equipment, and cuts power-line noise for power-supply lightning protection. Since the 1990s, many such transformers have operated across railway bureaus (hydropower/signal/power-supply sections, etc.), covering most stations, especially lightning-prone areas. Proven in thunderstorms, they offer low loss, material savings, energy efficiency, and reliability, ensuring electrical equipment safety. With railway modernization and technological progress, these transformers will see wider use.