Tattalin Aiki na Ikkarancin Ingantaccen Bayanai na Hanyoyin Inganci na Makarantun Fulfulde

I. Gida

A ranar da zuwa, tare da yawan kungiyar shugaban gwamnatun gari, masu karkashin gwamnatun gari, wanda suka zama muhimmiyar birnin cikin gwamnatin gari, suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dukkan gwamnati na gari tun daga iyakokin da take da hankali. Ingantaccen bayanai suka zama babban kofin cikin kofin bayanai da ke gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari. Ziyartar da kawo bayanai mai inganci suka duba da kafin bayanai ya zama muhimmiyar wajen inganta dukkan gwamnati na gari. Saboda haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya tabbatar da bayanai cewa bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari ta zama, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hany......

A ranar da zuwa, tare da yawan kungiyar shugaban gwamnatun gari, masu karkashin gwamnatun gari, wanda suka zama muhimmiyar birnin cikin gwamnatin gari, suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dukkan gwamnati na gari tun daga iyakokin da take da hankali. Ingantaccen bayanai suka zama babban kofin cikin kofin bayanai da ke gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari. Ziyartar da kawo bayanai mai inganci suka duba da kafin bayanai ya zama muhimmiyar wajen inganta dukkan gwamnati na gari. Saboda haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya tabbatar da bayanai cewa bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari ta zama, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hanyoyi da za su iya samun bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari, ya kai waɗannan bayanai, don haka, in yi amfani da hany......

Saboda haka, wannan rubutu ta nuna tsarin bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari tare da amfani da ilimin zamani, kuma ta bayyana cikakken tsarin abincin da takaddun bayanai, da kuma abubuwan da aka samu.

II. Tsarin Abinci
(1) Kirkiro Mai Kula

Tsarin kirkiro mai kula yana haɗa da nasarar duk system. Tsarin abinci ta amfani da C8051F040 single-chip microcomputer a matsayin mafi girma. C8051F040 single-chip microcomputer wani abokan microcontroller mai kyau da ma'ana, wanda ya haɗe duk abubuwan da za su iya amfani da su, kamar analog da digital I/O ports, timer/counters, UART, SPI, da I2C communication interfaces. Wannan abubuwa suka taimaka C8051F040 zuwa mafi girma a matsayin mafi girma na kirkiro mai kula, wanda ya iya jin daidai ga data processing da control logic mai inganci.

Don inganta aiki mai kyau na system, ana amfani da monitoring unit mai kyau a tsarin kirkiro mai kula. Wannan unit tana da high-speed ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter), da kuma voltage/current monitoring circuits. Ana iya ƙunshi da bincike electrical parameters a baya-bayan, kuma ta taimaka da bayanai masu inganci don fault diagnosis.

Kuma, kirkiro mai kula yana bukata a taka da computer da ke ƙasa da center mai kula. A tsarin tana amfani da sabon communication interfaces, kamar RS-232, RS-485, da Ethernet. Wannan interfaces suka taimaka waɗannan data zuwa a baya-bayan da kuma taimakawa da remote control.

Don taimaka masu aiki a kula da kula da system, kirkiro mai kula tana da human-machine interaction interface, wanda tana da LCD display screen da keyboard. Masu aiki suke iya amfani da wannan interface don ƙunshi aiki a baya-bayan.

(2) Insulation Detection Sensor

Don inganta DC systems a filayen gari da kuma masu karkashin gwamnati na gari, an yi amfani da insulation detection sensor mai inganci. Wannan sensor tana da sensitivity mai kyau, stability, da kuma ƙananan lokaci, kuma tana iya aiki a wuraren da ba da sauti ba.

High precision ita ce muhimman siffofin insulation detection sensor. Ta amfani da advanced detection algorithms da electronic components, tana iya ƙunshi da insulation changes da suka ƙara, kuma tana taimaka da accuracy da timeliness na fault information.

Ta haka, ta ƙunshi da insulation devices a filayen gari da kuma masu karkashin gwamnati na gari, da kuma amfani da high-precision insulation detection sensors, tana inganta amincewa da system. Wannan sensors suna iya ƙunshi da insulation faults, kuma tana taimaka da inganta safety da kuma prevention of accidents.

(3) Early Warning Detection Module

Don inganta accuracy da response speed na early warnings, wannan module tana amfani da dual mechanism na active da passive early warning.

Active early warning tana ƙunshi da electrical parameters a baya-bayan. Idan parameters suka ƙadance, ta taka early warning signal. Active early warning tana amfani da high-performance sensors da data collection devices. Wannan devices suna ƙunshi da current, voltage, da frequency a baya-bayan, kuma tana taimaka da analysis don determine potential fault risks. Passive early warning tana ƙunshi da electrical parameters, kuma tana taka early warning signal idan system ta ƙunshi da external signals. Misalai, idan relay protection device a masu karkashin gwamnati na gari ta yi aiki, passive early warning module tana ƙunshi da cause of the operation, kuma tana determine whether further processing measures are required, kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 1.

Figure 1 Tsarin Abinci

A tsarin abinci na early warning detection module, tana amfani da active da passive early warning, tana inganta ability da response speed na system. Active early warning tana ƙunshi da electrical parameters a baya-bayan, kuma tana ƙunshi da potential fault risks; passive early warning tana ƙunshi da specific events, kuma tana ƙunshi da in-depth analysis of fault causes.

Don amfani da wannan two early warning methods, tana buƙata a tsarin abinci:

• Selection of sensors and data collection devices: Tana buƙata high-precision sensors and data collection devices don ensure data accuracy.

• Data processing and analysis capabilities: Early warning monitoring module tana buƙata powerful data processing and analysis capabilities don ƙunshi da abnormal data and make early warning judgments.

• Communication interfaces and protocols: Module tana buƙata multiple communication interfaces and protocols don facilitate data exchange with other systems or devices.

• Reliability: Tsarin abinci tana buƙata module to operate stably in extreme environments and adopt necessary safety measures to prevent misoperation and unauthorized access.

III. Tsarin Takaddun Bayanai
(1) Simulation Modeling of Fault Load Characteristics

Muhimman tsarin bayanai masu gudanar da karkashin gwamnati na gari tana kan tsarin takaddun bayanai, musamman tsarin static da dynamic load models. Wannan models tana nuna active da reactive power da load a system, da kuma slow changes in voltage and frequency, kuma tana amfani da polynomial models. Static load model tana amfani da:

Idan P da Q sun nuna active da reactive power, V tana nuna voltage, P0, Q0, V0 tana nuna values in the reference state, da kuma n da m tana nuna load characteristic coefficients.

Dynamic load model tana da muhimmanci. Tana ƙunshi da dynamic response da load ta ƙunshi da changes in voltage and frequency, including multiple time constants to simulate the response speed of the load to voltage and frequency changes. Dynamic load model tana amfani da series of differential equations that describe the rate of change of load power over time.

A tsarin takaddun bayanai, wannan models tana amfani da system don ƙunshi da aiki a baya-bayan. System tana ƙunshi da real-time data, including current, voltage, power, etc., and uses these models for calculations to scientifically identify potential fault conditions.

(2) Fault Information Collection

Don inganta reliability na relay protection equipment, tsarin fault information detection system tana muhimmanci, musamman fault information collection. Wannan part tana divide into three modules: steady-state information collection, transient information collection, and status file management.

Steady-state information collection module tana ƙunshi da electrical parameters a normal operation, such as voltage, current, power, etc. Wannan data tana base for evaluating the operation status of the power grid and also important for fault analysis and prediction. Wannan module tana have three sub-modules: data collection, data processing, and data storage. Data collection sub-module tana ƙunshi da electrical parameters in real-time through the interface with the substation monitoring system; data processing sub-module tana conduct preliminary analysis on the collected data, removes abnormal values, and formats the data; data storage sub-module tana store the processed data in a database for subsequent analysis.

Transient information collection module tana focus on capturing transient events in the power grid, such as short-circuits, open-circuits, and other faults. Wannan transient events tana ƙunshi da sharp changes in electrical parameters, so high-speed and high-precision data collection equipment tana buƙata. Wannan module tana have three sub-modules: high-speed data collection, transient event identification, and event data storage. High-speed data collection sub-module tana record the changes of electrical parameters with a microsecond-level resolution; transient event identification sub-module tana judge whether a fault has occurred and accurately identifies the fault type according to preset algorithms; event data storage sub-module tana store the identified fault information in a specific database, which is conducive to in-depth analysis by the staff.

Status file management module tana responsible for the management and maintenance of the status files of the substation relay protection equipment, and it records key information such as the configuration details, operation status, and historical fault records of the protection equipment in detail. It mainly includes four sub-modules: status file generation, update, query, and backup. The generation sub-module tana generate an initial status file according to the actual configuration of the protection equipment; the update sub-module tana update the status file when the equipment parameters or configuration change; the query sub-module tana allow users to query the information in the status file; the backup sub-module tana regularly back up the status file to effectively avoid data loss.

(3) Fault Information Detection

Idan station control layer tana ƙunshi da alarm information "A-line merged network connection error" from the relay protection, system tana start the fault information detection process to confirm whether this alarm is the sole source, that is, whether other devices have also issued similar alarms. In this example, if other devices do not issue alarms, the system will focus on the information of "A-line merged network connection error".

To process and analyze fault information more effectively, the system designs five combinations of virtual terminals and fault nodes, as shown in Table 1.

Each virtual terminal tana ƙunshi da different tasks, from monitoring the network connection status to providing solutions, forming a complete fault handling process. Through the above software structure design, the substation relay protection fault information detection system can effectively detect fault information and ensure the safe operation of the substation. Especially when receiving the alarm of "A-line merged network connection error", the system can respond quickly and take corresponding measures to minimize the impact of the fault on the power system.

IV. Experimental Verification
(1) Network Topology Structure

The network topology structure design of the relay protection fault information detection system for the 500 kV substation put into operation in 2023 strictly adheres to the core principles of high reliability, high availability, and easy maintenance. This system adopts a hierarchical and distributed network architecture, and its implementation steps are well-organized, mainly including the following links.

• Data collection: Through sensors and data collection devices installed at various key nodes of the substation, the operation data of the relay protection devices are collected in real-time.

• Data transmission: Using network communication technology, the collected data are transmitted to the data processing center in a timely and accurate manner.

• Data analysis: In the data processing center, high-performance computers and professional analysis software are used to analyze the data, identify abnormal patterns and potential faults.

• Fault diagnosis: Once an abnormality is detected, the system automatically conducts fault diagnosis to determine the type and location of the fault.

• Alarm and response: The system notifies the operation and maintenance personnel of the fault information through the alarm system and provides preliminary fault handling suggestions.

• Fault handling: The operation and maintenance personnel can quickly take measures to handle the fault according to the fault information and suggestions provided by the system, thus ensuring the stable operation of the power grid.

(2) Experimental Results and Analysis

Two detection systems were used in the experiment: one is the conventional substation relay protection secondary circuit online detection system based on the SCD file, and the other is the substation relay protection fault information detection system based on spatio-temporal analysis. Both systems were tested in the same substation environment to ensure the comparability of the results [8].

The experimental data show that the maximum insulation voltages of the positive and negative busbars measured by the detection system based on the SCD file are 192.1 V and 191.4 V respectively, while the corresponding values measured by the detection system based on spatio-temporal analysis are 190.3 V and 210.23 V respectively. The specific data are shown in Table 2.

From the experimental results, it can be seen that the detection system based on spatio-temporal analysis has a slightly lower maximum insulation voltage value for the positive busbar compared to the detection system based on the SCD file, but a slightly higher value for the negative busbar. This indicates that the detection system based on spatio-temporal analysis can provide more accurate measurement results in certain situations. However, this difference is not significant. Therefore, to gain a more in-depth understanding of the performance differences between these two systems, it may be necessary to further collect and analyze a large amount of experimental data.

V. Conclusion

The new substation relay protection fault information detection system designed and studied in this paper can monitor the working status of relay protection devices in real-time, automatically analyze and diagnose fault information, and promptly transmit the fault information to operation and maintenance personnel through network communication technology. This enables them to take prompt measures to prevent the expansion of faults and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system.