Ang Disenyo sa Sistema sa Pagtukod sa Impormasyon sa mga Sayop sa Proteksyon ng Relay sa Substation

I. Introduksyon

Sa mga nakaraang tuig, samtang ang sakop sa power grid nagpadayon nga mohimong mas dako, ang mga substation, isip mahamot nga mga node sa sistema sa kuryente, naghunsol sa importante nga papel sa pagpanalipod sa kabalakaan sa tanang power grid pinaagi sa ilang safe ug stable nga operasyon. Ang relay protection nagserbi isip unang linya sa depensa alang sa safe nga operasyon sa mga substation. Ang eksakto ug rapid nga pag-act sa relay protection direktang gikinahanglan sa estabilidad sa sistema sa kuryente. Busa, ang epektibong pag-detect sa fault information sa substation relay protection system, ang maong pag-identify ug pag-address sa potensyal nga mga fault, adunay dako nga importansya alang sa pagprotekta sa safe nga operasyon sa sistema sa kuryente.

Ang tradisyonal nga mga paagi sa pag-detect sa fault sa relay protection kasagaran gidepende sa manual inspection ug regular maintenance. Kini nga mga paagi dili ra consumi og oras ug trabaho apan wala usab makapahibalo og real-time monitoring. Taliwala niini, sila prone sa pag-miss sa early signals sa mga fault. Sa patuloy nga pag-develop sa teknolohiya sa impormasyon, partikular sa computer technology ug communication technology, ang modern nga substation relay protection fault information detection systems nagsugyot na sa automated nga mga paagi. Pinaagi sa real-time data collection, kini nga mga sistema makapahibalo og real-time monitoring sa status sa relay protection ug mabilis nga locate sa mga fault.

Busa, ang paper nga mosunod nagsusuggest og usa ka substation relay protection fault information detection system batasan sa modern nga teknolohiya sa impormasyon ug elaborates sa detalye sa iyang hardware structure, software design, ug experimental results.

II. Design sa System Hardware Structure
(1) Host Computer

Ang design sa host computer direkta nga maghuhunahuna sa performance sa tanang sistema. Ang iyang hardware structure gigamit ang C8051F040 single-chip microcomputer isip core processor. Ang C8051F040 single-chip microcomputer usa ka high-performance ug low-power mixed-signal microcontroller nga gitipon ang abundant peripheral resources, kasama ang analog ug digital I/O ports, timer/counters, UART, SPI, ug I2C communication interfaces, uban pa. Kini nga mga characteristics giingon nga ang C8051F040 highly suitable isip core processor sa host computer, kay kini makapahibalo sa requirements sa high-speed data processing ug complex control logic.

Arigatong sigurado ang real-time monitoring capability sa sistema, gigamit ang high-performance monitoring unit sa design sa host computer. Kini nga unit kasagaran naglakip og high-speed ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter), sama sa voltage/current monitoring circuits. Kini makapahimo og collect ug convert sa electrical parameters sa real-time, providing accurate data support alang sa fault diagnosis.

Meanwhile, ang host computer nanginahanglan mog komunikar sa lower computer ug remote monitoring center. Ang design naglakip og iba't ibang communication interfaces, sama sa RS-232, RS-485, ug Ethernet. Kini nga mga interfaces sigurohan ang rapid transmission sa data ug ability sa remote control.

Arigatong sigurado ang operators sa monitoring ug control sa sistema, ang host computer gigamit og human-machine interaction interface, kasagaran consist of LCD display screen ug keyboard. Ang operators makagamit kini nga mga interfaces aron makita ang status sa sistema sa real-time.

(2) Insulation Detection Sensor

Arigatong sigurado ang renovation requirements sa DC systems sa lumad nga mga power plants ug substations, ang staff nagdesign og high-precision detachable insulation detection sensor. Ang sensor nga gihimo pinaagi sa advanced electronic technologies ug materials naglakip og high sensitivity, high stability, ug long service life, ug kini makapahimulo sa stable nga operasyon andami pa sa harsh environments.

High precision usa ka key performance indicator sa insulation detection sensor. Pinaagi sa advanced detection algorithms ug electronic components, kini makapahimbulog sa minute insulation changes, ensuring ang accuracy ug timeliness sa fault information.

Pinaagi sa pag-upgrade ug renovation sa thermal insulation devices sa DC systems sa lumad nga mga power plants ug substations ug paggamit sa high-precision detachable insulation detection sensors, makapahimulo sa significant enhancement sa safety sa sistema. Kini nga mga sensors adunay kapabiliti sa high-precision detection ug makapahimulo sa prompt detection sa insulation faults, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of accidents .

(3) Early Warning Detection Module

Arigatong sigurado ang improvement sa accuracy ug response speed sa early warnings, kini nga module kasagaran integrate og dual mechanism of active early warning ug passive early warning.

Active early warning refers to the system's proactive detection of electrical parameters. Once the parameters deviate from the normal range, an early warning signal will be immediately triggered. Active early warning usually relies on high-performance sensors and data collection devices. These devices can monitor key parameters such as current, voltage, and frequency in real-time and analyze the relevant data through built-in algorithms to determine whether there are potential fault risks. Passive early warning, on the other hand, involves analyzing relevant electrical parameters and issuing an early warning signal after the system receives external signals. For example, when the relay protection device in the substation operates, the passive early warning module will be activated immediately to analyze the cause of the operation and determine whether further processing measures are required, as shown in Figure 1.

Larawan 1 Design sa Hardware Structure

Sa design sa hardware structure sa early - warning detection module, ang pag-combine sa active early - warning ug passive early - warning makapahimulo sa significant enhancement sa early - warning ability ug response speed sa sistema. Ang active early - warning makapahimo og real - time monitoring sa electrical parameters ug quick identification sa potential fault risks; while passive early - warning makapahimo og prompt reaction kung specific events occur ug conduct in - depth analysis sa fault causes.

Arigatong sigurado ang effective combination sa duha ka early - warning methods, ang sumala nga key elements nanginahanglan mog consider sa hardware design:

• Selection of sensors and data collection devices: High - precision sensors and data collection devices must be selected to ensure data accuracy.

• Data processing and analysis capabilities: The early - warning monitoring module should have powerful data processing and analysis capabilities to quickly identify abnormal data and make early - warning judgments.

• Communication interfaces and protocols: The module should support multiple communication interfaces and protocols to facilitate data exchange with other systems or devices.

• Reliability: The hardware design should ensure that the module can operate stably in extreme environments and adopt necessary safety measures to prevent misoperation and unauthorized access .

III. System Software Design
(1) Simulation Modeling of Fault Load Characteristics

Ang core sa substation relay protection fault information detection system nahimutang sa iyang software structure design, especially sa construction sa static ug dynamic load models. Kini nga mga models aim to describe the active and reactive power of the load during system operation, as well as the slow changes in voltage and frequency, and are usually expressed using polynomial models. The static load model is usually expressed as:

where P and Q represent active and reactive power respectively, V is the voltage, P0, Q0, V0are the values in the reference state, and n and m are the load characteristic coefficients.

The dynamic load model is relatively complex. It takes into account the dynamic response of the load to changes in voltage and frequency, including multiple time constants to simulate the response speed of the load to voltage and frequency changes. The dynamic load model can be expressed as a series of differential equations that describe the rate of change of load power over time.

In the software structure design, these models are integrated into the relay protection fault information detection system to monitor and analyze the operation status of the substation in real - time. The system collects real - time data, including current, voltage, power, etc., and uses these models for calculations to scientifically identify potential fault conditions .

(2) Fault Information Collection

To ensure the reliability of relay protection equipment, the design of the fault information detection system is of particular importance, especially the part of fault information collection. This part is usually divided into three modules: steady - state information collection, transient information collection, and status file management.

The steady - state information collection module is mainly responsible for collecting the electrical parameters of the substation during normal operation, such as voltage, current, power, etc. These data are the basis for evaluating the operation status of the power grid and also important for fault analysis and prediction. This module usually includes three sub - modules: data collection, data processing, and data storage. The data collection sub - module obtains electrical parameters in real - time through the interface with the substation monitoring system; the data processing sub - module conducts preliminary analysis on the collected data, removes abnormal values, and formats the data; the data storage sub - module stores the processed data in a database for subsequent analysis.

The transient information collection module focuses on capturing transient events in the power grid, such as short - circuits, open - circuits, and other faults. These transient events are often accompanied by sharp changes in electrical parameters, so high - speed and high - precision data collection equipment is required. This module usually includes three sub - modules: high - speed data collection, transient event identification, and event data storage. The high - speed data collection sub - module can record the changes of electrical parameters with a microsecond - level resolution; the transient event identification sub - module judges whether a fault has occurred and accurately identifies the fault type according to preset algorithms; the event data storage sub - module stores the identified fault information in a specific database, which is conducive to in - depth analysis by the staff.

The status file management module is responsible for the management and maintenance of the status files of the substation relay protection equipment, and it records key information such as the configuration details, operation status, and historical fault records of the protection equipment in detail. It mainly includes four sub - modules: status file generation, update, query, and backup. The generation sub - module generates an initial status file according to the actual configuration of the protection equipment; the update sub - module updates the status file when the equipment parameters or configuration change; the query sub - module allows users to query the information in the status file; the backup sub - module regularly backs up the status file to effectively avoid data loss.

(3) Fault Information Detection

When the station control layer receives the alarm information "A - line merged network connection error" from the relay protection, the system should immediately start the fault information detection process to confirm whether this alarm is the sole source, that is, whether other devices have also issued similar alarms . In this example, if other devices do not issue alarms, the system will focus on the information of "A - line merged network connection error".

To process and analyze fault information more effectively, the system designs five combinations of virtual terminals and fault nodes, as shown in Table 1.

Each virtual terminal is responsible for different tasks, from monitoring the network connection status to providing solutions, forming a complete fault handling process. Through the above software structure design, the substation relay protection fault information detection system can effectively detect fault information and ensure the safe operation of the substation. Especially when receiving the alarm of "A - line merged network connection error", the system can respond quickly and take corresponding measures to minimize the impact of the fault on the power system .

IV. Experimental Verification
(1) Network Topology Structure

The network topology structure design of the relay protection fault information detection system for the 500 kV substation put into operation in 2023 strictly adheres to the core principles of high reliability, high availability, and easy maintenance. This system adopts a hierarchical and distributed network architecture, and its implementation steps are well - organized, mainly including the following links.

• Data collection: Through sensors and data collection devices installed at various key nodes of the substation, the operation data of the relay protection devices are collected in real - time.

• Data transmission: Using network communication technology, the collected data are transmitted to the data processing center in a timely and accurate manner.

• Data analysis: In the data processing center, high - performance computers and professional analysis software are used to analyze the data, identify abnormal patterns and potential faults.

• Fault diagnosis: Once an abnormality is detected, the system automatically conducts fault diagnosis to determine the type and location of the fault.

• Alarm and response: The system notifies the operation and maintenance personnel of the fault information through the alarm system and provides preliminary fault handling suggestions.

• Fault handling: The operation and maintenance personnel can quickly take measures to handle the fault according to the fault information and suggestions provided by the system, thus ensuring the stable operation of the power grid.

(2) Experimental Results and Analysis

Two detection systems were used in the experiment: one is the conventional substation relay protection secondary circuit on - line detection system based on the SCD file, and the other is the substation relay protection fault information detection system based on spatio - temporal analysis. Both systems were tested in the same substation environment to ensure the comparability of the results [8].

The experimental data show that the maximum insulation voltages of the positive and negative busbars measured by the detection system based on the SCD file are 192.1 V and 191.4 V respectively, while the corresponding values measured by the detection system based on spatio - temporal analysis are 190.3 V and 210.23 V respectively. The specific data are shown in Table 2.

From the experimental results, it can be seen that the detection system based on spatio - temporal analysis has a slightly lower maximum insulation voltage value for the positive busbar compared to the detection system based on the SCD file, but a slightly higher value for the negative busbar. This indicates that the detection system based on spatio - temporal analysis can provide more accurate measurement results in certain situations. However, this difference is not significant. Therefore, to gain a more in - depth understanding of the performance differences between these two systems, it may be necessary to further collect and analyze a large amount of experimental data.

V. Conclusion

The new substation relay protection fault information detection system designed and studied in this paper can monitor the working status of relay protection devices in real - time, automatically analyze and diagnose fault information, and promptly transmit the fault information to operation and maintenance personnel through network communication technology. This enables them to take prompt measures to prevent the expansion of faults and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system.