Misalai kawo da muhimmanci da abubuwan da ake amfani da su da karamar hanyar zuwa na gagarumar tsarin karkashin mazaƙi? Muhimmanci da abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin ilimin karkashin mazaƙi sun hada da: - Makaranta: Wadanda ake amfani da su don kula ƙaramin mazaƙi. - Turbin: Wadanda ake amfani da su don haɗa ƙaramin mazaƙi zuwa energya. - Jenereta: Wadanda ake amfani da su don haɗa energyan turbin zuwa energyar karkashi. - Gari na karkashin karamin mazaƙi: Wadanda ake amfani da su don taimaka waɗannan abubuwa don samun karkashin karamin mazaƙi.

1. Tushen da Komponentoci da Funtunonin Makarantun Hydropower

Dam (Babban Rukuni)

Funtunon: Dam yana cikin wani abubuwa mai muhimmanci a makarantun hydropower. Funtuncin mafi yakin da keke dam shine ya shiga rukuni kuma ya fara gaban jirgin ruwa. Wannan tana ba da ruwa duka, don haka ta zama na iya sauri masu inganci da ruwa. Dam yana iya kawo ruwan da ke fara har zuwa babbar rukuni kuma yana iya kawo karfin ruwan da ke fara da kuma yadda ake fara da ruwan da ke fara, biliyan da dalilin tsari da kuma yadda ake fara da ruwan da ke fara a nan.

Intake da Sistemun Diversion

Funtunon: Intake yana kan kusa da fadin dam a cikin jirgin ruwa. Funtuncinsa shine ya fara da ruwan da ke fara daga jirgin ruwa zuwa sistemun ido. Intake yana da fitace da kuma sabon nuna. Fitacen yana iya kawo ruwan da ke fara, kuma sabon nunan yana iya kawo abubuwa da ke fara da ruwan (kamar karamin, kasa, k.d.s.) zuwa sistemun diversion, don haka ta zama na iya kawo abubuwan da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da turbin. Sistemun diversion yana da tunnels da pressure, penstocks, k.d.s. Yana ba da ruwan da ke fara daga intake zuwa turbine, kuma a wannan lokacin, ana amfani da haɗuwar da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara don haka ta zama na iya kawo karfin da velocity da ke fara. Misalai, a wasu makarantun hydropower mafi yamma a wurare da takamakon gaji, ana fara da ruwan da ke fara daga jirgin ruwa zuwa makarantu da ke fara da power generation wanda yake kan har zuwa a nan daga duk taron da ke fara da tunnels da pressure.

Turbine

Funtunon: Turbine yana cikin abubuwan da ke fara da energy da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da mechanical energy. Idan ruwan da karfin da velocity da ke fara suka sa runner da ke fara da turbine, runner yana fara da yawa. Bisa ga abin da ke fara da turbine (kamar Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, tubular turbine, k.d.s.), tashar da ke fara da runner da yadda ruwan da ke fara suka faɗa, amma funtunon da ke fara da basic yana iya amfani da kinetic da potential energy da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara don haka ta zama na iya kawo runner da yawa. Misalai, Francis turbine yana daidai wajen makarantun hydropower da head da ke fara da medium zuwa high. Runner da ke fara tana iya kawo energy da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da mechanical energy da ke fara a nan da generator da ke fara da electricity.

Generator

Funtunon: Generator yana da direct connection da turbine, kuma funtuncinsa shine ya fara da mechanical energy da ke fara da turbine zuwa electrical energy. Funtunon da ke fara da generator yana da basis a law of electromagnetic induction. Idan turbine da ke fara da rotor da ke fara da generator da yawa a magnetic field, electromotive force za a fara a stator windings, kuma yana fara da alternating current. Misalai, a makarantun hydropower mafi yamma, capacity da ke fara da single-unit generator yana iya fara da million kilowatts, yana iya kawo mechanical energy da ke fara da turbine zuwa high-voltage, large-capacity electrical energy don long-distance power transmission.

Tailrace da Outfall

Funtunon: Tailrace yana cikin channel da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da turbine da yawa. Yana ba da ruwan da ke fara zuwa downstream river channel. Outfall yana cikin connecting point da ke fara da tailrace da downstream river channel. A nan, ruwan da ke fara tana zama na iya fara zuwa rukuni. A wannan lokacin, yana da kyau a bayyana cewa drainage ba tana iya faɗa adverse effects kamar scours a downstream river channel, kuma yana da kyau a duba ecological environment requirements don haka ta zama na iya kawo ecological flow da ke fara da rukuni. Misalai, wasu makarantun hydropower suna da shiga energy dissipation facilities, kamar stilling basins, a outfall don haka ta zama na iya kawo velocity da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da yawa kuma yana iya kawo damage da ke fara da downstream riverbed da riverbanks.

Itaipu Hydropower Station (Brazil da Paraguay)

Itaipu Hydropower Station yana kan Paraná River kuma yana cikin makarantun hydropower mafi yamma da Brazil da Paraguay suna da shiga build. Dam yana cikin concrete hollow gravity dam da height da 196 meters da total storage capacity da 290 billion cubic meters. Itaipu Hydropower Station tana da 18 hydroelectric generating units da single-unit capacity da 700,000 kilowatts, kuma total installed capacity da 1,260,000 kilowatts. Tana ba da electricity duka daga Brazil zuwa Paraguay, yana da muhimmanci wajen supply da energy a South America, kuma tana da muhimmanci wajen promote economic development da infrastructure construction a nan.

Aswan Hydropower Station (Egypt)

Aswan Hydropower Station yana kan Nile River kuma yana cikin important energy infrastructure da Egypt. Dam yana cikin clay-core rockfill dam da height da 111 meters da reservoir storage capacity da 1,689 billion cubic meters. Aswan Hydropower Station tana da installed capacity da 2,100,000 kilowatts. Construction da ke fara tana da muhimmanci wajen supply da power, agricultural irrigation, da flood control a Egypt. Bisa ga controlling amount da ke fara da ruwan da ke fara da Nile River, Aswan Hydropower Station tana ba da agricultural irrigation water da ke fara da Egypt kuma tana ba da stable electricity da ke fara da industry da residents' lives a Egypt.