Oscillators: Me ke Ana? (Takardunawa, Abubuwa, & Ayyuka)
Me kadan Oscillator?
Oscillator wani tashar kabilu mai girma da take yi tasiri tsakanin, kawo da kawo, cikakken jirgin ruwa baki daya, ba da koyar da koyar. Oscillators suna nuna mutane da suka sa shi da koyar da koyar zuwa cikakken jirgin ruwa na mafi yawan hankali, kamar da ya zama da muhimmin abubuwan tashar kabilu.
Tushen da ke gudanar da ita da ita don in fahimta yadda oscillators ke gudana za a iya tabbatar da a tuntubi masu amfani da LC tank circuit da aka bayyana a Figure 1 ta haka, wanda ana amfani da inductor L da capacitor C da aka sanya daga baya. A nan, a lokacin da farko, capacitor ke hada da in haɗa kan inductor, wanda ya zama da kawo da koyar da kan electrical energy zuwa electromagnetic field, wanda ana iya sa inductor. Idan capacitor ya haɗa da koyar, ba za a samun haɗa kan koyar a cikin tashar kabilu.
Amma, a lokacin da, an fara da, electromagnetic field da aka sa an yi back-emf wanda ya zama da haɗa kan koyar a cikin tashar kabilu a hakan da suka haɗa kan koyar. Haɗa kan koyar a cikin tashar kabilu za a ci gaba har da inda electromagnetic field ya ji, wanda ya zama da kawo da koyar da kan electromagnetic energy zuwa electrical form, wanda ya zama da cycle yana ci gaba. Amma, a nan, capacitor ya zama da charged da karamin karfi, saboda haka, muke samu cikakken jirgin ruwa mai tsayi a cikin output.
Amma, oscillations da suka faruwar da saboda inter-conversion da ka bayar da waɗannan labari-form ba za a iya ci gaba da dukkan, saboda muna iya samun kashe da koyar da kan resistance da tashar kabilu. Saboda haka, amplitude da suke faruwar da suka ci gaba da koyar da kan koyar, wanda ya zama da suka ci gaba da koyar.
Wannan ya nuna cewa don in samu oscillations da suka ci gaba da koyar da kan koyar, muna buƙata da kashe da koyar da kan koyar. Amma, ya kamata a lura cewa energy da aka bayar da suka bayar da koyar da kan koyar, kafin in samu oscillations da suka ci gaba da koyar da kan koyar.
Saboda, idan energy da aka bayar da suka fiye da energy da aka bayar da koyar, amplitude da suke faruwar da suka ci gaba (Figure 2a) wanda ya zama da output da suka ci gaba da koyar; amma, idan energy da aka bayar da suka kofin energy da aka bayar da koyar, amplitude da suke faruwar da suka ci gaba (Figure 2b) wanda ya zama da oscillations da suka ci gaba da koyar.
Akwai, oscillators suna nuna tashar kabilu da suka amfani da positive feedback kamar da regenerative feedback, inda wani babban da output signal ke bayar da input (Figure 3). A nan, tashar kabilu suna da amplifying active element wanda ya zama transistor ko Op-Amp, da back-fed in-phase signal da ke bayar da suka ci gaba da koyar da kan koyar.
Idan power supply ya faɗa, oscillations za a faru a cikin system saboda electronic noise da ke cikin. Wannan noise signal ya haɗa kan koyar, ya zama da amplified, kuma ya ci gaba da koyar zuwa single frequency sine wave da yake. Expression da closed-loop gain da oscillator da aka bayyana a Figure 3 ya zama:
Inda A shine voltage gain da amplifier da beta shine gain da feedback network. A nan, idan Aβ > 1, oscillations suka ci gaba da koyar (Figure 2a); amma, idan Aβ < 1, oscillations suka ci gaba da koyar (Figure 2b). Duk da haka, Aβ = 1 ya zama da oscillations da suka ci gaba da koyar (Figure 2c). Saboda, wannan ya nuna cewa idan feedback loop gain shine kofin, oscillation ya ci gaba da koyar, amma, idan gain da feedback loop shine fiye, output ya zama da output da suka ci gaba da koyar; amma, idan gain da feedback shine unity, oscillations za a ci gaba da koyar, wanda ya zama da self-sustained oscillatory circuit.
Abubuwa da Oscillator
Akawo ne abubuwa da oscillators, amma zai iya kula da biyu abubuwa – Harmonic Oscillators (ko Linear Oscillators) da Relaxation Oscillators.
A harmonic oscillator, flow da energy ya ci gaba da active components zuwa passive components, da frequency da oscillations ya zama da feedback path.
Amma a relaxation oscillator, energy ya ci gaba da active da passive components, da frequency da oscillations ya zama da charging da discharging time-constants involved in the process. Duk da haka, harmonic oscillators suna nuna low-distorted sine-wave outputs, amma relaxation oscillators suna nuna non-sinusoidal (saw-tooth, triangular ko square) wave-forms.
Abubuwan da Oscillators suna nuna:
Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator
Clapp Oscillators
Crystal Oscillators
Armstrong Oscillator
Tuned Collector Oscillator
Gunn Oscillator
Cross-Coupled Oscillators
Ring Oscillators
Dynatron Oscillators
Meissner Oscillators
Opto-Electronic Oscillators
Pierce Oscillators
Robinson Oscillators
Tri-tet Oscillators
Pearson-Anson Oscillators
Delay-Line Oscillators
Royer Oscillators
Electron Coupled Oscillators
Multi-Wave Oscillators
Oscillators zai iya kula da abubuwan da suka amfani da parameter da suka amfani da ita, kamar da feedback mechanism, shape da output waveform, etc. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka amfani da ita suna nuna:
Classification Based on the Feedback Mechanism: Positive Feedback Oscillators and Negative Feedback Oscillators.
Classification Based on the Shape of the Output Waveform: Sine Wave Oscillators, Square or Rectangular Wave oscillators, Sweep Oscillators (which produce saw-tooth output waveform), etc.
Classification Based on the Frequency of the Output Signal: Low-Frequency Oscillators, Audio Oscillators (whose output frequency is of audio range), Radio Frequency Oscillators, High-Frequency Oscillators, Very High-Frequency Oscillators, Ultra High-Frequency Oscillators, etc.
Classification Based on the type of the Frequency Control Used: RC Oscillators, LC Oscillators, Crystal Oscillators (which use a quartz crystal to result in a frequency stabilized output waveform), etc.
Classification Based on the Nature of the Frequency of Output Waveform: Fixed Frequency Oscillators and Variable or Tunable Frequency Oscillators.
Farkon Oscillator
Oscillators suna nuna tare da koyar da koyar don in samun specific Frequency da signal. Misali, RC oscillator ana amfani da ita don in samun Low Frequency signal, LC oscillator ana amfani da ita don in samun High Frequency signal, da Op-Amp based oscillator ana amfani da ita don in samun stable frequency.
Frequency da oscillation zai iya canza da canza da component value da potentiometer arrangements.
Wasu abubuwan da suka amfani da oscillators suna nuna:
Quartz watches (wanda ana amfani da crystal oscillator)
Ana amfani da ita a wasu audio systems da video systems
Ana amfani da ita a wasu radio, TV, da wasu communication devices
Ana amfani da ita a computers, metal detectors, stun guns, inverters, ultrasonic da radio frequency applications.
Ana amfani da ita don in samun clock pulses for microprocessors da micro-controllers
Ana amfani da ita a alarms da buzzes
Ana amfani da ita a metal detectors, stun guns, inverters, da ultrasonic
Ana amfani da ita don in operate decorative lights (misali, dancing lights)
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