Oscillatores: Quid Sint? (Definitio Typi et Applicationes)
Quid est Oscillator?
Circuitus qui sine ulla input continua, repetita, alternans formam producit, oscillator dicitur. Oscillatores fundamentaliter currentem unidirectionalem ex fonte DC in alternans formam, cuius frequentia ab componentibus circuiti determinatur, convertere possunt.
Principium fundamentale quod operationem oscillatorum explicat per analysin comportamenti circuiti LC tank, quem figura 1 infra demonstrat, intelligi potest. Hic circuitus inductor L et condensator C praevio completo carica uti habet. Primo, condensator incipit per inductorem se exsolvere, quod conversionem energiae electricae in campum electromagneticum, quod in inductore conservari potest, causat. Cum condensator complete se exsolverit, nullus erit currentis in circuitu.
Tamen, tunc, campum electromagneticum generatum back-emf, quod ad currentem per circuitum in eadem directione antea, fluxit. Hic currentis per circuitum fluxus continuatur donec campum electromagneticum collapsus, quod ad conversionem retrogradam energiae electromagneticae in formam electricam, causat, cycle iteretur. Nunc tamen, condensator cum opposita polaritate carica erit, propter quod oscillans forma output obtinetur.
Tamen, oscillationes quae ex interconversione duorum formarum energeticae oriuntur non perpetuo durare possunt, quia effectui lossi energiae ob resistentiam circuiti subiectae sunt. Itaque, amplitudo huiusmodi oscillationum gradatim ad nihil decrescit, quod naturam earum dampnedam facit.
Hoc indicat, ut ad oscillationes continuas et constantis amplitudinis obtinendas, opus sit compensatione lossi energiae. Tamen, notandum est, ut energia suppeditata precise controllanda sit et aequa debet esse illi quae in circuitu perdita est, ut oscillationes constantis amplitudinis obtineantur.
Nam, si energia suppeditata maior est quam illa quae perdita est, amplitudo oscillationum crescit (Figura 2a) ducens ad output distortum; si vero energia suppeditata minor est quam illa quae perdita est, amplitudo oscillationum decrescit (Figura 2b) ducens ad oscillationes insustentabiles.
Practica, oscillatores nihil aliud sunt nisi circuiti amplificatores, qui feedback positivo vel regenerativo provisi sunt, ubi pars signalis output ad input (Figura 3) referuntur. Hic amplificator elementum activum amplificans, quod transistorem vel Op-Amp esse potest, et signalis referentis in phase responsabilem ad sustentandum (conservandum) oscillationes per compensationem lossi in circuitu gerunt.
Cum supply power switch ON sit, oscillationes in systema ex noise electronicis in eo presentibus initiantur. Hoc signalis noise per loop, amplificatur et celeriter ad singulam frequentiam sinus wave convergit. Expressio pro gain clauso circuitu oscillatoris in Figura 3 ostensa est:
Ubi A est voltage gain amplificatoris et β est gain network feedback. Hic, si Aβ > 1, tunc oscillationes in amplitudine crescunt (Figura 2a); si Aβ < 1, tunc oscillationes dampnedae sunt (Figura 2b). Altera, Aβ = 1 ad oscillationes constantis amplitudinis ducit (Figura 2c). Aliis verbis, hoc indicat, si feedback loop gain parvus est, tunc oscillatio moritur, si feedback loop gain magnus est, tunc output distortus est; et solum si feedback gain unitas est, tunc oscillationes constantis amplitudinis ducunt ad circuitum oscillatorium self-sustained.
Typus Oscillatoris
Sunt multae species oscillatorum, sed latius in duas categorias principales classificari possunt – Harmonic Oscillators (vel Linear Oscillators) et Relaxation Oscillators.
In harmonic oscillator, energy flow semper ab componentibus activis ad passivos et frequentia oscillationum a feedback path determinatur.
At in relaxation oscillator, energy inter componentes activos et passivos mutatur et frequentia oscillationum a charging et discharging time-constants involved in the process determinatur. Deinde, harmonic oscillators sine sine-wave outputs producunt, dum relaxation oscillators non-sinusoidal (saw-tooth, triangular vel square) wave-forms generant.
Species principales oscillatorum includunt:
Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC Phase Shift Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator
Clapp Oscillators
Crystal Oscillators
Armstrong Oscillator
Tuned Collector Oscillator
Gunn Oscillator
Cross-Coupled Oscillators
Ring Oscillators
Dynatron Oscillators
Meissner Oscillators
Opto-Electronic Oscillators
Pierce Oscillators
Robinson Oscillators
Tri-tet Oscillators
Pearson-Anson Oscillators
Delay-Line Oscillators
Royer Oscillators
Electron Coupled Oscillators
Multi-Wave Oscillators
Oscillatores etiam variis speciebus secundum parametrum consideratum, i.e. basing on the feedback mechanism, the shape of the output waveform, etc., classificari possunt. Haec classificationes species inferius dantur:
Classification Based on the Feedback Mechanism: Positive Feedback Oscillators and Negative Feedback Oscillators.
Classification Based on the Shape of the Output Waveform: Sine Wave Oscillators, Square or Rectangular Wave oscillators, Sweep Oscillators (which produce saw-tooth output waveform), etc.
Classification Based on the Frequency of the Output Signal: Low-Frequency Oscillators, Audio Oscillators (whose output frequency is of audio range), Radio Frequency Oscillators, High-Frequency Oscillators, Very High-Frequency Oscillators, Ultra High-Frequency Oscillators, etc.
Classification Based on the type of the Frequency Control Used: RC Oscillators, LC Oscillators, Crystal Oscillators (which use a quartz crystal to result in a frequency stabilized output waveform), etc.
Classification Based on the Nature of the Frequency of Output Waveform: Fixed Frequency Oscillators and Variable or Tunable Frequency Oscillators.
Applicationes Oscillatorum
Oscillatores sunt modus persequendi specificam frequentiam signali. Exempli gratia, RC oscillator ad generationem low frequency signali, LC oscillator ad generationem high frequency signali, et Op-Amp based oscillator ad generationem stabilis frequentiae utuntur.
Frequenta oscillationis variari potest variando valorem componentis cum arrangementibus potentiometer.
Quaedam applicationes communes oscillatorum includunt:
Horologii quartz (qui usus faciunt oscillatoris crystal)
Usus in variis systematis audio et video
Usus in variis radio, TV, et alia dispositiva communicationis
Usus in computris, detectoribus metallicis, stun guns, inverters, ultrasonic et radio frequency applicationibus.
Usus ad generationem clock pulses pro microprocessoris et microcontrolleris
Usus in alarmis et buzzeris
Usus in detectoribus metallicis, stun guns, inverters, et ultrasonic
Usus ad operationem luminum decorativorum (ex. dancing lights)
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