Gwamnati na Lami: Gidajen Bayanai Daga Farko

Rabu mai karamin tsafta shi ne abin da ake amfani da ita a cikin zuba ko wasu abubuwa masu karamin tsafta kamar gas da rabuwars elektriki. An faɗa rabubu a lokacin da yake da tsawo zuwa 70,000 BCE, kuma ya ci gaba da yake da dama a kan yadda ake amfani da muhimman abubuwa da inganci. A nan za a duba waɗannan abubuwa da ake amfani da su don kara rabuwar, kuma matsayin hanyar da suke da aiki da funtuka.

Mai Tsari na Rabuwa?

Mai tsari na rabuwa shine wani abu da ake amfani da shi don kara rabuwa ko koyar da sa. Ana kategorice mai tsari na rabuwa a baka biyu: mai tsari na kafin da take da sanya da mai tsari na kafin da ba take da sanya. Mai tsari na kafin da ba take da sanya suna da ma'ana waɗanda ba su taƙe da electric current (karamin tsafta) a kan su, kamar glass, ceramics, da plastics. Mai tsari na kafin da take da sanya suna da ma'ana waɗanda su taƙe da karamin tsafta a kan su, kamar metals da alloys.

Ake amfani da mai tsari na kafin da ba take da sanya don kara babban da ake magance masu karamin tsafta, wanda ke magance masu karamin tsafta daga abubuwa na gaba da ke influencen rarrabe da kayan tsafta. Ake amfani da mai tsari na kafin da take da sanya don kara filament, electrode, lead-in wire, da base ko end cap na rabuwa, wanda ke bayyana karamin tsafta da dukkar masu karamin tsafta.

Abubuwan Mai Tsari na Rabuwa

Akwai abubuwan mai tsari na rabuwa da ake amfani da su don wurare da ayyukan da ake amfani da su. Duk waɗannan mafi yawan da ake amfani da su:

Glass

Glass shine abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga sandar da silika ko abubuwa masu yawa. Glass an amfani da shi a cikin rabuwa saboda yake iya daidaita fadada da tsaftukan da zama da ake kara a kan shi, kuma yake iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula. Glass yana iya tsaftar da kyau bayan da yake iya daidaita fadada da tsaftukan da zama da ake kara a kan shi, kuma yake iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan glass da ake amfani da su a cikin rabuwa:

• Soda-lime silicate glass: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga silika, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan filament lamps.

• Lead-alkali silicate glass: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga lead oxide, potassium oxide, da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan inner portion of the bulb glass.

• Borosilicate glass: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga boron oxide, aluminum oxide, da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan higher-wattage lamps, kamar cinema projectors.

• Alumina silicate glass: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga alumina, magnesia, da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan low-wattage lamps with high light output.

• Quartz: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga pure silica, kuma yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan tungsten halogen lamps, wanda suke yi a kan very high temperatures.

• Sodium-resistant glass: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga small amounts of silica or other readily reducing oxides. Yana da tsarin da ya fi tsayi da ya yi a kan sodium vapor lamps, wanda suke yi a kan intense light by ionizing sodium vapor.

Ceramics

Ceramics suna da ma'ana waɗanda ba su taƙe da iron da suke amfani da su don kara abubuwan da ake gina daga clay ko abubuwan masu yawa da ake gina da shi. Ceramics an amfani da shi a cikin rabuwa saboda suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula, kuma suke iya daidaita fadada da tsaftukan da zama da ake kara a kan shi, kuma suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan ceramics da ake amfani da su a cikin rabuwa:

• Polycrystalline metal oxide ceramics: Wadannan abubuwan ceramics da ake gina daga metal oxides, kamar alumina, magnesia, ko rare earth oxides. Suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula, kuma suke iya daidaita fadada da tsaftukan da zama da ake kara a kan shi, kuma suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula.

• Conventional ceramics: Wadannan abubuwan ceramics da ake gina daga clay ko abubuwan masu yawa da ake gina da shi. Suna da ma'ana waɗanda suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula, kuma suke iya daidaita fadada da tsaftukan da zama da ake kara a kan shi, kuma suke iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula.

• Porcelain: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga kaolin clay mixed with feldspar, quartz, da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da mechanical strength, thermal shock resistance, electrical insulation property, da moisture resistance. Yana amfani a cikin bases ko end caps for lamps.

• Steatite: Wani abu mai kyauka da ake gina daga talc mixed with clay da abubuwan da suke amfani da su. Yana da better properties than porcelain in terms of electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, dielectric strength, da dimensional stability. Yana amfani a cikin insulators ko supports for lamps.

Metal

Metal shine element ko alloy da ya fi tsayi da karamin tsafta da karamin tsafta. Metal an amfani da shi a cikin rabuwa saboda yake iya bayyana karamin tsafta da dukkar masu karamin tsafta, kuma yake iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula, kuma yake iya kara shi a kan yadda aka fi sani da kula da kula.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan metal da ake amfani da su a cikin rabuwa:

• Tungsten: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da melting point (3422°C) da tensile strength (1510 MPa). An amfani da shi don kara filaments for incandescent lamps.

• Molybdenum: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da melting point (2610°C) da tensile strength (638 MPa) da ya fi tsayi da tungsten. An amfani da shi don kara supports ko lead-in wires for filaments, kuma electrodes for arc lamps.

• Nickel: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da melting point (1455°C) da tensile strength (758 MPa). An amfani da shi don electroplate iron ko steel components to increase their hardness and elasticity. Nickel yana da high resistance to corrosion and oxidation. An amfani da shi don kara lead-in wires or bimetallic strips, for starters.

• Aluminum: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da melting point (660°C) da tensile strength (310 MPa). Yana da low density (2.7 g/cm3) da non-magnetic. Yana da high corrosion resistance due to the thin oxide layer on its surface. Aluminum yana da high availability and low cost. An amfani da shi don kara caps or reflectors for lamps.

• Steel: Wani alloy of iron with carbon and other elements such as manganese or chromium. Steel has a variable melting point (1370°C – 1530°C) depending on its composition but high tensile strength (400 MPa – 2000 MPa). Steel also has good ductility and malleability. Steel sheet has high strength but low cost compared to other metals. Steel sheets can be hot-rolled or cold-rolled, depending on their thickness and surface finish. Steel sheets can also be coated with porcelain enamel to improve their appearance or corrosion resistance.

• Stainless steel: Wani alloy of iron with chromium (12% – 30%) and other elements such as nickel or molybdenum. Stainless steel has high corrosion resistance due to its chromium oxide layer on its surface. Stainless steel also has good mechanical properties such as strength (515 MPa – 1035 MPa), hardness (95 HRB – 40 HRC), ductility (45% – 60%), toughness (100 J – 225 J), fatigue resistance (275 MPa – 690 MPa), creep resistance (35 MPa – 200 MPa), wear resistance (0.04 g – 0.4 g), abrasion resistance (0.2 mm – 1 mm), erosion resistance (0.02 mm – 0.2 mm), cavitation resistance (0 mm – 0.05 mm), pitting resistance (0 mm – 0 mm), stress corrosion cracking resistance (0 mm – 0 mm), intergranular corrosion resistance (0 mm – 0 mm), galvanic corrosion resistance (0 mV – +50 mV), fretting corrosion resistance (0 mg – <1 mg), hydrogen embrittlement resistance (>100 MPa), sulfide stress cracking resistance (>100 MPa), carburization resistance (>100 MPa), nitriding resistance (>100 MPa), oxidation resistance (>1000°C), sulfidation resistance (>800°C), carburization resistance (>800°C), nitriding resistance (>800°C), decarburization resistance (>800°C), scaling resistance (>800°C), spalling resistance (>800°C), embrittlement resistance (>800°C), and thermal shock resistance (>800°C). Stainless steel is used for luminaires, especially outdoor ones, where there is a chance of exposure to corrosive atmospheres.

• Copper: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da electrical conductivity (59.6 MS/m) da thermal conductivity (401 W/mK). Copper yana da ductility and malleability and can be easily shaped into various forms. Copper an amfani da shi don conductors, such as bus bars, switch gears, and lead-in wires, as well as electrodes for arc lamps. Copper yana da good corrosion resistance, especially against seawater.

• Non-ferrous alloys: Wadannan alloys da ba su da iron as a major component, such as bronze, brass, or solder.

• Bronze: Wani alloy of copper and tin, with varying proportions of other elements such as zinc or phosphorus. Bronze has good mechanical properties, such as strength (200 MPa – 1200 MPa), hardness (60 HB – 250 HB), ductility (3% – 40%), and toughness (25 J – 200 J). Bronze also has good corrosion resistance, especially against seawater and acidic solutions. Bronze is used for special luminaires that have an attractive color appearance.

• Brass: Wani alloy of copper and zinc, with varying proportions of other elements such as lead or nickel. Brass has good mechanical properties, such as strength (200 MPa – 900 MPa), hardness (50 HB – 200 HB), ductility (10% – 50%), and toughness (30 J – 150 J). Brass also has good corrosion resistance, especially against seawater and alkaline solutions. Brass is used for special luminaires that have an attractive color appearance.

• Solder: Wani alloy of tin and lead, with varying proportions of other elements such as silver or antimony. Solder has a low melting point (183°C – 232°C) and high wettability, which means it can adhere to metal surfaces easily. Solder is used to join metal components together by melting and solidifying them. Solder is used at the end of the lamp cap for electrical connection.

• Getter material: Wani abu da ake amfani da shi don absorb the gas impurities that are produced inside the lamp during operation, as they can lower the lamp’s performance. The gas impurities include oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, water vapor, and others. Getter material can be in the form of sheet, wire, or surface deposit and can be activated by heating or exposure to ultraviolet light. Some of the getter materials that are used for lamps are:

• Barium: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. Barium is used as a metallic getter material for incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps.

• Tantalum: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. Tantalum is used as a metallic getter material for tungsten halogen lamps and metal halide lamps.

• Titanium: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. Titanium is used as a metallic getter material for sodium vapor lamps and mercury vapor lamps.

• Niobium: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. Niobium is used as a metallic getter material for sodium vapor lamps and mercury vapor lamps.

• Zirconium: Wani element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. Zirconium is used as a metallic getter material for sodium vapor lamps and mercury vapor lamps.

• Barium-tantalum-titanium alloy: Wani alloy of barium, tantalum, and titanium that has a high affinity for oxygen and nitrogen and can form stable compounds with them. This alloy is used as a metallic getter material for sodium vapor lamps and metal halide lamps.

• Red phosphorus: Wani non-metallic element da ya fi tsayi da oxygen and water vapor and can form stable compounds with them. Red phosphorus is used as a non-metallic getter material for incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps.

Na'ura

Mai tsari na rabuwa suna da ma'ana waɗanda ake amfani da su don kara rabuwa ko koyar da sa. Suke kategorice a baka