Kaddamarwa na fuses na transformer mai kofin Amurika
Bayanin Fuses na American-style Box Transformers
Akwai amfani da fuses mai sarrafa da fuses mai inganci a cikin American-style box transformers don bayyana tsohon hanyar. Hanyar da ya yi ba ta shahara da kuma tsohon gaskiya, kuma yana iya amfani da ita da dace. Yana amfani da fuses mai inganci wadanda suke fito a cikin transformer, za su iya yi waɗannan lokaci ce da aka fi ƙaramin abin da ke cikin transformer, kuma an amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin hanyoyi na biyu. An amfani da fuses mai sarrafa don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke biyu, ko kuma idan an samu karfi, ko kuma idan ƙarin bayan mutanen ruwa. Fuses mai sarrafa shine mafi masu amfani a cikin hanyar ƙara ƙaramin hanyoyi na biyu a cikin American-style box transformers.
Fuses da ake amfani da su a cikin transformers suna zama tare da tatu: na hanyoyi, na tsari-baya, da na tsari-faɗi. Ana iya ci fuses baki daya don kawo wata wuya, ba a duba transformer ba. Idan an sanya fuses na hanyoyi da fuses mai inganci, ana iya samun "double-fuse protection". Fuses na hanyoyi suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin hanyoyi, kuma fuses mai inganci suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke cikin transformer (wato kamar abin da ke cikin coils). Fuses na tsari-baya, idan an sanya su da fuses mai inganci, ana iya samun "double-fuse protection" kuma suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke biyu na transformer a tsari na hanyoyi da ƙarin bayan mutanen ruwa.
Fuses mai inganci suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke cikin transformer (wato kamar abin da ke cikin coils). Tsarin ampere-second na standard in iya amfani da fuses da circuit breakers a wuraren da ƙarin. Fuses na tsari-faɗi, idan an sanya su da fuses mai inganci, ana iya samun "double-fuse protection". Fuses na tsari-faɗi suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke biyu na transformer a tsari na hanyoyi da ƙarin bayan mutanen ruwa. Fuses mai inganci suna amfani da su don ƙara ƙaramin abin da ke cikin transformer (wato kamar abin da ke cikin coils), kuma tsarin ampere-second na standard in iya amfani da fuses da circuit breakers a wuraren da ƙarin.
Tsarin Daɗi na Fuses
Fuses suna da tsari daban-daban kafin an amfani da su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi. Wannan rubutu ya bayyana McGraw Edison NX type current-limiting fuse na COOPER (Cooper) Company a Amurka.
Tsarin McGraw Edison NX type current-limiting fuse ta haɗe a Figure 1. Tana da fusible element da pure silver fuse strip. Pure silver fuse strip ta shiga mica support (spider-type support component), kuma wannan support ya iya samun gas da take yarda a magance jirgin ruwa. Fuse da silica sand suka shiga insulation tube na glass fiber.
1 - Silica sand filler na high-purity; 2 - Mica support; 3 - Solid copper terminal; 4 - Double-sealing system; 5 - Identification label; 6 - Glass fiber cover; 7 - Pure silver fuse strip.
Figure 1. Basic constituent elements of the McGraw Edison NX type current-limiting fuse.
Kamar yadda ake nuna a Figure 1, McGraw Edison NX type current-limiting fuse (wasu models na fuses suna da tsari daga cikin wannan) suna da:
Silica sand filler na high-purity. Particle size, purity, da density ta bayar da take sauyi heat absorption da arc extinguishing characteristics, wadannan shine muhimmiyar don fuse ya iya da clearing characteristics da energy passing level da duka.
Mica support. A lokacin da fuse ya yi, mica support ta ba take sabon windage support ba, ba ta faru gas ko pressure accumulation ba.
Solid copper terminal. Brass plug ta zaba don ba take electrical conductive joint ba, da length ranging from 0.25 to 10 inches.
Double-sealing system. Nitrile rubber gasket da epoxy resin sealant suna iya ƙara integrity na fuse seal.
Identification label. Yana ba masu amfani da su da kyau don samun voltage, current parameters, order numbers, da wasu bayanai.
Glass fiber cover. Yana ba fuse da high strength da integrity, take ƙara take samu protection range daga minimum fusing current zuwa maximum 50 kA a lokacin da interruption process.
Pure silver fuse strip. Yana iya ƙara stability a lokacin da current circulation da thermal pressure, kuma ta ba take consistent fusing characteristics ba. A lokacin da interruption of large currents, fuse strip yana iya ƙara control da reduce peak level of the arc voltage. A lokacin da interruption process, wannan component yana iya ƙara control da limit allowable passing current and energy.
Operating Characteristics and Protection Principle of the Fuse
Tattalin fuse depends on model of the fuse element inside it. For all fuses, clearing of large fault currents is basically the same. The flow of current will melt the fusible element along its entire length, and the generated arc will cause the fusible element to explode, vitrifying the silica sand and forming a glassy channel that restricts the development of the arc. This glassy channel limits the arc by increasing the resistance value, reducing the current and forcing it to reach zero in advance.
In the local or full-range fuse, the clearing of the medium or small currents must be prevented. For example, in the McGraw Edison type current-limiting fuse, an "M" point (i.e., a tin alloy wire) is placed in the center of the main fusible element to lower its melting temperature, as shown in Figure 2(a). Once the fusible element melts at the M point, the current is transferred to the auxiliary fusible element. A thin wire is connected to the main fusible element with a 1/4 gap from one end of the main element. A voltage gradient spans the arc at the M point and the gap of the auxiliary fusible element, as shown in Figure 2(b). Therefore, if the main fusible element continues to arc, this wire connection will inevitably appear at three positions, expanding the length of the arc by three times and using this area to dissipate the energy of the circuit, as shown in Figure 2(c). In the initial stage of arcing, sufficient heat is gathered to decompose the spider structure in that area, and the gas blown out from the spider structure can cool the molten rock and reduce the length of the arc until the fault point can be disconnected.
Figure 2 The process of the McGraw Edison NX type current-limiting fuse reducing the current
The selection of current-limiting fuses is primarily based on their rated voltage parameters. When determining the appropriate parameters, several factors need to be taken into account, including the type of electrical system, the maximum voltage of the system, the winding conditions of the transformer (if the fuse is used for transformer protection), the grounding status of the neutral wire, and the type of load.
Generally, a single-phase circuit can be protected by a current-limiting fuse with a rated parameter greater than the single-phase grounding voltage. However, for a three-phase circuit, the fuse must have suitable inter-phase parameters. In specific cases, assuming that the positive-sequence breaking voltage applied to the fuse does not exceed the maximum design voltage, the single-phase grounding parameters may be applicable to the three-phase system. Under such circumstances, it is assumed that two series-connected current-limiting fuses will share the applied voltage in the given fault condition. Table 1 illustrates the relationship between the recommended rated voltage parameters and the application parameters of current-limiting fuses.
For the protection of electrical devices, the breaking requirements of current-limiting fuses must be coordinated with the devices they protect. Additionally, the time-current curves of the fuses must also be coordinated with the protection devices in the system, especially when backup fuses are involved and the clearing of low-current faults relies on a expulsion fuse.
Table 1 Recommended Rated Voltage Parameters of Current-Limiting Fuses and the Application Parameters of Current-Limiting Fuses
Similar to ordinary fuses, current-limiting fuses may also experience a reduction in power under a certain ambient temperature. The derating factors for various application scenarios are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Ambient Temperature Derating Factors for Applications of NX - type Current - Limiting Fuses
The key to applying fuse protection for distribution transformers is that the fuse must meet the following requirements:
Provide short-circuit protection and separate the faulty transformer from the system first. The fuse should not blow during inrush current, cold load starting current, and short-term overcurrent. It should cooperate with the upper-level device (blow before the sectionalizer operates).
Prevent severe overcurrent situations that may cause overheating damage or mechanical damage to the transformer. It should be noted that if necessary, item ② can be postponed because the primary purpose of fuse protection is overload protection rather than short-circuit protection.
The time-current curve of the inrush current/cold load starting current of the distribution transformer is estimated based on the following situations: at 0.01 s, the current is 25 times the full-load current; at 0.1 s, the current is 12 times the full-load current; at 1 s, the current is 6 times the full-load current; at 10 s, the current is 3 times the full-load current; and at 100 s, the current is 2 times the full-load current.
To ensure that the fuse used for the protection of the distribution transformer does not blow during inrush current or cold load starting current, the fuse curve should be on the right side of the inrush current/cold load starting current curve. That is to say, the blowing time of the fuse should be longer than the duration of these currents.
The transformer damage curve can be obtained from the manufacturer or the ANSIC57 standard and can be plotted on the same curve graph. As mentioned before, if concessions need to be made, the transformer damage curve should be prioritized over the inrush current curve.
Figure 4 shows the inrush current/cold load starting current curve of a single-phase transformer with a voltage level of 13.8 kV and a rated capacity of 50 kV·A. The full-load current of the transformer is 3.62 A. A fuse curve is assumed in the figure. In fact, there are two fuse curves. The minimum melting curve gives the shortest time for the fuse to be damaged, and the maximum clearing curve gives the longest time for the fuse to clear the fault. The maximum clearing time of the expulsion fuse should never be lower than 0.8 cycles (i.e., 0.0133 s), so this curve is horizontally plotted at 0.0133 s.
Figure 4 shows the inrush current/cold load starting current time-current curve of the distribution transformer. It should be noted that the fuse curve should ensure the coordination between the fuse and the upper-level protection device. The upper-level device may be a line sectionalizing device, such as a fuse or a recloser. The transformer protection fuse should blow before the upper-level fuse is damaged or before the upper-level recloser is locked.
Some distribution transformers are considered to have a full self-protection function (CSP), that is, they have the functions of overcurrent and inrush current protection.
Self-protection transformers usually have a large current-limiting fuse and a secondary circuit breaker for overload prevention in their casings. Ordinary transformers are usually protected by a fuse added to the primary side. Box transformers generally have a fuse that is independent of the casing (non-fixed front panel design), either located in the transformer oil or in a dry bushing well or cylinder (fixed front panel design). In any case, appropriate design should be adopted to simplify the on-site fuse replacement.
The fuse ratio is the ratio of the minimum blowing current of the fuse to the full-load current of the transformer. This ratio indicates the importance of overload protection for the continuous operation of the device. A high fuse ratio allows more transformer failures without blowing during inrush current or overload; a low fuse ratio increases the number of fuse blowings, and some blowings may be unnecessary, but it can better protect the transformer from overload. A typical fuse ratio ranges from 2 to 4.
In a self-protection transformer, the fuse ratio of the internal fuse is approximately 8 because the secondary side of the self-protection transformer is equipped with a circuit breaker that is not affected by overload.
Protection Range and Coordination of Fuse Protection
When selecting a fuse for the protection of a box transformer, generally, the fusing rate can be calculated by dividing the full-load current of the transformer by the minimum melting current of the fuse. Using a high fusing rate can protect the system from faulty transformers, but it only provides limited overload protection; a low fusing rate can provide maximum overload protection, but the fuse is vulnerable to impact current and inrush current.
In addition, comprehensive factors should be considered, including the continuity of operation, transformer failures caused by overload, the coordination between the transformer fuse and the sectionalizing device, and the impact of inrush current and cold load starting. If the characteristics curve of the transformer is known, the fuse can be simply adjusted by making the time characteristic curve of the fuse fall within the area between the transformer inrush curve and the transformer damage curve.
These curves are formulated according to standards, but they are not always applicable, so the fuse needs to be selected. The inrush current largely depends on the residual magnetic flux in the iron core of the voltage wave during closing. To withstand the inrush current, the fuse should be able to withstand 25 times the full-load current at 0.01 s and 12 times the full-load current at 0.1 s. Re-energization after a primary power outage will generate a cold load start. When the inrush current curve is known, the selected fuse curve should be slower than the inrush current curve. The lightning discharge voltage can saturate the iron core of the transformer and generate inrush current. Generally, if lightning damage is a problem, it is better to use a larger-sized fuse.
In addition, when selecting a fuse for the protection of a box transformer, the coordination between fuses must also be considered. Here, the coordination issues in two situations are discussed:
Coordination between two current-limiting fuses. To achieve the coordination objective, the curve must start from 0.01 s. For times above 0.01 s, the coordination between two different fuses in the same set can be achieved by simply overlaying the TCCS and using the 75% coordination method; for times below 0.01 s, the coordination can be achieved by using the minimum melting and total clearing values. When two current-limiting fuses are coordinated in series, the maximum current passing through the protection fuse or the load-side fuse should not exceed the minimum melting current of the protected or power-source-side fuse. That is, the load-side fuse will limit the passing current to a level that is not sufficient to melt the power-source-side fuse. Coordination detection above 0.01 s is not required because the coordination boundaries have fixed values. The coordination is conservative and forms a coordination standard for any fault current. If the fault current is limited, the coordination can be achieved by changing the current in the curve.
Coordination between the backup current-limiting fuse and the expulsion fuse. This protection method is often adopted because it allows most faults (under small currents) to be cleared by an inexpensive expulsion fuse. When a fault occurs in the protected device, the current-limiting fuse will limit the magnitude of the current. It is very important that the expulsion fuse can clear small current faults without damaging the current-limiting fuse. The current-limiting fuse can pass sufficient current after the expulsion fuse is blown and can provide obvious fault indication. The fuse characteristics will form the intersection of the maximum clearing curve of the expulsion fuse and the minimum fusing curve of the current-limiting fuse, resulting in a larger current, which will lead to synchronous operation. If the two current-limiting fuses are properly selected, the box transformer can achieve full-range protection.
Operation and Maintenance of Fuse Protection
When using a fuse for the protection of a box transformer, the following situations should be noted:
The plug-in fuse is manually operated, and users need certain skills and experience. Before using the plug-in fuse to disconnect the energized transformer, the operator should have experience in removing the plug-in fuse from the fuse holder. Improper handling may lead to switching faults and may require the replacement of the transformer or cause a fire.
If the plug-in fuse is used for fault closing, it may cause serious personal injury. Internal faults may cause the transformer to crack or the top cover to detach. Therefore, the transformer should always be powered from a remote location to ensure safety.
(3) If the transformer is located in an enclosed building or cellar, or if the operator is directly above the transformer, the plug-in fuse assembly should not be used to connect or disconnect the transformer. In such situations, it is inconvenient for the operator to operate correctly, and it is difficult to leave safely in case of improper operation.
Before operating the plug-in fuse, the status of the transformer should be carefully judged. Check whether there is an arc discharge sound in the casing; check whether the casing is bulged or there are traces of oil leakage or overflow; check whether there are traces of oil leakage, overflow, or carbon black stains on the casing near the pressure relief device. If the above situations occur, the plug-in fuse should not be used to connect or disconnect the transformer, otherwise, it may lead to a fire or cause casualties.
The pressure of the transformer should be released before operating the plug-in fuse. Incorrectly discharging the pressure of the transformer casing may cause the insertion assembly of the plug-in fuse to be violently ejected together with the hot oil. This may cause impact injuries, burns, and environmental pollution.
Using a plug-in fuse with an excessively high ampere value may lead to a mismatch with the backup current-limiting fuse in the transformer or other parts of the system. In this case, when a fault occurs inside the transformer, it may cause a larger power outage or lead to the ignition or explosion of the transformer. Installing a plug-in fuse with an ampere value smaller than the recommended value will cause unnecessary fusing and interruptions in operation.
Damage to the fuse tube will affect the correct installation of the fuse. Carefully check the fuse tube to ensure that there is no corrosion larger than pitting on any part of the brass, and that the blackening or ablation of the insulating components is not longer than 1/2 in (13 mm). If the damage exceeds this degree, the damaged fuse tube should be replaced with a new one. If a large amount of brass melting occurs, or the ablation extends beyond half of the length of the fuse tube, the plug-in fuse holder should also be replaced. If the component is damaged, it may prevent the disconnection of subsequent faults and cause greater damage.
Conclusion
The technical level of fuse protection is relatively advanced, and it has an excellent performance-price ratio, with broad development prospects in both domestic and foreign markets. Currently, a large number of American-style box transformers in China use fuses for protection. Compared with other protection methods, fuse protection not only has high reliability but also a relatively low price, which is particularly suitable for the current situation in China. Therefore, fuse protection has good application prospects in China.
