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When we study the analysis of the transient state and steady state response of control system it is very essential to know a few basic terms and these are described below.Standard Input Signals : These are also known as test input signals. The input signal is very complex in nature, it is complex because it may be a combination of various other signals. Thus it is very difficult to analyze characteristic performance of any system by applying these signals. So we use test signals or standard inpu

What is a Bode Plot?A Bode plot is a graph commonly used in control system engineering to determine the stability of a control system. A Bode plot maps the frequency response of the system through two graphs – the Bode magnitude plot (expressing the magnitude in decibels) and the Bode phase plot (expressing the phase shift in degrees).Bode plots were first introduced in the 1930s by Hendrik Wade Bode while he was working at Bell Labs in the United States. Although Bode plots offer a relatively s

Mathematical Modelling of Control SystemThere are various types of physical systems, namely we have: Mechanical systems Electrical systems Electronic systems Thermal systems Hydraulic systems Chemical systemsFirst off we need to understand – why do we need to model these systems in the first place? Mathematical modeling of a control system is the process of drawing the block diagrams for these types of systems in order to determine their performance and transfer functions.Now let us describe the

Theory of Network SynthesisNetwork FunctionsNetwork synthesis theory involves the synthesis of networks made up of both active components (like resistors) and passive components (like inductors and capacitors).Let’s start with the basics: what is a network function? In the frequency domain, network functions are defined as the quotient obtained by dividing the phasor corresponding to the circuit output by the phasor corresponding to the circuit input.In simple words, network functions are the ra

What is Settling Time?The settling time of a dynamic system is defined as the time required for the output to reach and steady within a given tolerance band. It is denoted as Ts. Settling time comprises propagation delay and time required to reach the region of its final value. It includes the time to recover the overload condition incorporated with slew and steady near to the tolerance band.The tolerance band is a maximum allowable range in which the output can be settle. Generally, the toleran

PID control stands for proportional–integral–derivative control. PID control is a feedback mechanism used in a control system. This type of control is also termed as three-term control, and is implemented by a PID Controller. By calculating and controlling three parameters – the proportional, integral and derivative of how much a process variable deviates from the desired set point value – we can achieve different control actions for specific work.PID controllers are considered to be the best co

What is a Nichols Chart?A Nichols Chart (also known as a Nichols Plot) is a plot used in signal processing and control system design to determine the stability and closed-loop frequency response of a feedback system. The Nichols chart is named after its founder, Nathaniel B. Nichols.How Does A Nichols Chart Work?Constant magnitude loci that are M-circles and constant phase angle loci that are N-circles are the fundamental components in designing the Nichols chart.The constant M and constant N ci

A signal, comprises of a set of information expressed as a function of any number of independent variables, that can be given as an input to a system, or derived as output from the system, to realize its true practical utility. The signal we derive out of a complex system might not always be in the form we want,∴ being well acquainted with some basic signal operations may come really handy to enhance the understandability and applicability of signals.The mathematical transformation from one sign

What is a First Order Control System?A first order control system is defined as a type of control system whose input-output relationship (also known as a transfer function) is a first-order differential equation. A first-order differential equation contains a first-order derivative, but no derivative higher than the first order. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation.As an example, let us look at the block diagram of the control

Due to the rapid advances in technology, all industrial processing systems, factories, machinery, test facilities, etc. turned from mechanization to automation. A mechanization system needs human intervention to operate the manual operated machinery. As new and efficient control technologies evolved, computerized automation control is being driven by the need for high accuracy, quality, precision and performance of industrial processes.Automation is a step beyond the mechanization which makes us