
1. Prinsipyong Paggana at Teknolohikal na Pag-unlad ng mga Step Voltage Regulator
Ang Step Voltage Regulator (SVR) ay isang pangunahing aparato para sa pag-regulate ng voltage sa modernong mga substation, na nagpapakamalikhain ng tumpak na pag-stabilize ng voltage sa pamamagitan ng mekanismo ng tap-changing. Ang kanyang pangunahing prinsipyo ay batay sa adjustment ng ratio ng transformer: kapag natukoy ang pagbabago ng voltage, isang motor-driven na sistema ang nag-switch ng taps upang baguhin ang ratio ng bilang ng winding, na nag-a-adjust ng output voltage. Ang tipikal na SVRs ay nagbibigay ng ±10% voltage regulation na may step increments ng 0.625% o 1.25%, sumasailalim sa ANSI C84.1 standard para sa mga pagbabago ng voltage.
1.1 Stepwise Regulation Mechanism
- Tap Switching System: Naglalaman ng motor-driven na mechanical switches at solid-state electronic switches. Gumagamit ng "make-before-break" principle kasama ang transition resistors upang limitahan ang circulating current, na nagpapatiyak ng walang pagkakatanggal ng supply ng kuryente. Ang switching ay matatapos sa loob ng 15–30 ms, na nagpapahintulot na maiwasan ang voltage sags para sa mga sensitibong equipment.
- Microprocessor Control Unit: Nakakargado ng 32-bit RISC processors para sa real-time voltage sampling (≥100 samples/sec). Gumagamit ng DSP-based FFT analysis upang hiwalayin ang fundamental at harmonic components, na nagpapahusay ng accuracy ng pagsukat sa ±0.5%.
1.2 Modern Digital Control Technologies
Nakakapag-enable ng mga integrated multifunctional control modules ang complex scenario optimization:
- Automatic Voltage Reduction (VFR): Binabawasan ang output voltage sa panahon ng system overload, na nagbabawas ng losses sa 4–8%. Formula: Eff. VSET = VSET × (1 - %R), kung saan ang %R (karaniwang 2–8%) ay naka-define ang reduction ratio. Halimbawa, ang 122V system na may 4.9% reduction ay mag-output ng 116V.
- Voltage Limiting: Nagseset ng operational bounds (hal. ±5% Un). Auto-matic intervention sa panahon ng mga violation ng voltage, overrideable ng local/remote operators o SCADA.
- Fault Ride-Through: Pinapanatili ang basic regulation sa panahon ng mga fault (hal. voltage drops to 70% Un). EEPROM storage ang nag-preserve ng critical parameters para sa ≥72 oras post-outage.
2. Substation System Integration Solutions
2.1 Transformer Tap Control & Parallel Compensation
Ang voltage regulation ay nangangailangan ng coordinated control ng maraming device:
- On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC): Primary regulator na may ±10% range. Ang modernong OLTCs ay gumagamit ng electronic position sensors (±0.5% accuracy) upang ilipat ang real-time data sa SCADA.
- Capacitor Banks: Auto-matically switched batay sa reactive power demand. Karaniwang configurations: 4–8 groups, capacity na 5–15% ng rating ng transformer (hal. 2–6 Mvar para sa 33kV systems). Ang mga strategy ng kontrol ay dapat balansehin ang voltage deviation at power factor (target: 0.95–1.0) upang maiwasan ang overcompensation.
2.2 Line Drop Compensation Technologies
Ang mga long-distance feeders ay gumagamit ng distributed regulation strategies:
- Series Compensation: Install ng series capacitors sa 10–33kV overhead lines upang kompensasyon 40–70% ng line reactance. Halimbawa: Ang 2000μF capacitor sa 15 km mid-point ay nag-boost ng end voltage sa 4–8%, na pinoprotektahan ng MOV surge arresters.
- Line Voltage Regulators (SVRs): In-deploy 5–8 km mula sa mga substation. Capacity: 500–1500 kVA, range ±10%. Integrated with Feeder Terminal Units (FTUs) para sa localized automation, na nagbabawas ng communication dependency.
2.3 Equipment Configuration
Device Type
|
Function
|
Key Parameters
|
Typical Location
|
OLTC Transformer
|
Primary voltage control
|
±8 taps, 1.25%/step, <30s response
|
Substation main transformer
|
Capacitor Banks
|
Reactive compensation
|
5–15 Mvar, <60s switching delay
|
35kV/10kV bus
|
Line Regulator (SVR)
|
Mid-voltage compensation
|
±10 taps, 0.625%/step, 500–1500kVA
|
Feeder midpoint
|
SVG
|
Dynamic compensation
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±2 Mvar, <10ms response
|
Renewable grid connection
|
3. Advanced Control Strategies
3.1 Traditional Nine-Zone Control & Improvements
Ang voltage-reactive power plane ay nahahati sa 9 zones upang trigger ang predefined actions:
- Zone Logic: Boundaries na itinakda ng voltage limits (hal. ±3% Un) at reactive limits (hal. ±10% Qn). Halimbawa: Zone 1 (low voltage) triggers voltage increase.
- Limitations: Boundary oscillations na nagdudulot ng madalas na device actions (hal. capacitor switching sa Zone 5), at hindi nagtatrabaho sa multi-constraint coupling (hal. voltage violation + reactive deficiency).
3.2 Fuzzy Control & Dynamic Zoning
Ang modernong systems ay gumagamit ng fuzzy logic upang mapagtanto ang mga limitation:
- Fuzzification: Defines voltage deviation (ΔU) at reactive deviation (ΔQ) bilang fuzzy variables (hal. Negative Large hanggang Positive Large), na may trapezoidal membership functions.
- Rule Base: 81 fuzzy rules na nagbibigay ng nonlinear mapping, hal.:
- IF ΔU is Negative Large AND ΔQ is Zero THEN Raise Voltage.
- Dynamic Adjustment: Expands voltage dead zones sa panahon ng heavy loads (±1.5%→±3%), na nagbabawas ng device actions sa 40–60%.
3.3 Multi-Objective Optimization
Para sa mga scenario ng distributed energy integration:
- Objective Function:
Min[Ploss + λ1·(Uref - Umeas)² + λ2·(Qbalance) + λ3·(Tap_change)]
(λ: weighting coefficients; Tap_change: tap operation cost)
- Constraints:
- Voltage safety: Umin ≤ Ui ≤ Umax
- Device capacity: |Qc| ≤ Qcmax
- Daily tap operations: ∑|Tap_change| ≤ 8
- Algorithm: Improved PSO optimization na may 50 particles na nag-converge sa <3s, na sumasailalim sa real-time requirements.
4. Communication & Automation Support Systems
4.1 IEC 61850 Communication Architecture
- GOOSE Messaging: Supports inter-station commands na may <10ms delay. Enables coordinated voltage control (hal. ang mga sub-stations ay tumutugon sa loob ng 100ms sa mga command ng main-station).
- Information Modeling: Defines logical nodes (hal. ATCC para sa tap control, CPOW para sa capacitors), bawat isa ay may 30+ data objects (hal. TapPos, VoltMag) para sa plug-and-play integration.
4.2 SCADA System Integration
- Data Acquisition: RTUs sample critical data (voltage, current, tap position) bawat 2 seconds, na nag-prioritize ng transmission ng voltage data.
- Control Functions:
- Remote parameter adjustment (hal. VSET, %R).
- Seamless auto/manual mode switching.
- Automatic operation lock sa panahon ng device faults.
- Visualization: Dynamic single-line diagrams (na highlighted ang voltage violations sa red), trend curves, at audible alarms.
4.3 Key Communication Protocols
Layer
|
Technology
|
Performance
|
Application
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Station Level
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MMS
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Delay <500ms
|
Monitoring data upload
|
Process Level
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GOOSE
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Delay <10ms
|
Protection & control
|
Inter-Station
|
R-GOOSE
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Delay <100ms
|
Multi-station coordination
|
Security Layer
|
IEC 62351-6
|
AES-128 encryption
|
All communication layers
|
5. Performance Optimization & Validation
5.1 Voltage Optimization (VO) Protocol Implementation
Ang three-tier approach ng U.S. Energy Association:
- Fixed Voltage Reduction (VFR): Full-time 2–3% reduction (hal. 122V→119V). Suitable para sa stable loads. Annual savings: 1.5–2.5%, pero may risks sa motor startup issues.
- Line Drop Compensation (LDC): Dynamically adjusts voltage batay sa load current.
- Automatic Voltage Feedback (AVFC): Closed-loop control gamit ang 3–5 remote sensors/feeder. PID algorithm na may 30s cycles.
5.2 Performance Quantification
- Data Collection: 0.2S-class power analyzers na nag-record ng voltage, THD, at power parameters (1s intervals, 7-day duration).
- Energy Savings Calculation: Regression analysis na excludes temperature effects.
- Key Metrics:
- Voltage compliance rate: >99.5%
- Daily device actions: <4
- Line loss reduction: 3–8%
- Capacitor switching lifespan: >100,000 cycles.
5.3 Optimization Technique Comparison
Technique
|
Cost
|
Energy Savings
|
Voltage Improvement
|
Applicability
|
VFR
|
Low
|
1.5–2.5%
|
Limited
|
Stable load areas
|
LDC
|
Medium
|
2–4%
|
Significant
|
Long feeders
|
AVFC
|
High
|
3–8%
|
Excellent
|
High-demand zones
|
Fuzzy Control
|
High
|
5–10%
|
Optimal
|
High renewable penetration
|