Nánverklausn fyrir Spennureglara í Rafstöðum: Frá Starfsreglum til Framtíðarstefna

1. Skiptingjastofnun og teknologísk færsla stiga spennureglara

Stigspennureglari (SVR) er kerfisvænt tæki fyrir spennureglingu í nútímamikilum undirstöðum, sem nákvæmlega stillir spenna með því að breyta skiptingarhlutföllum. Grunnarskjal hans byggist á breytingu afhendingarröðunar: þegar spennubrot hefur verið staðfest, skiptir motordreifð kerfi um skiptingar til að breyta hlutfalli víða, en það stillir úttaksspennu. Venjulegir SVR bera ±10% spennureglingu með skiptingarfjarlægðum 0,625% eða 1,25%, sem samræmist ANSI C84.1 staðlinum fyrir spennufluktan.

1.1 Stigbundið reglanakerfi

• Skiptingarvinnsla: Sameinar motordreifð vélbúnaðarvaktara og fastrikeradra elektrónska vaktara. Notar "opna áður en lokin er lokað" snið með millihleypuviltum til að takmarka sýringsströnd, sem tryggir óhættu rafmagnsgjöld. Vaktarvinnslan er lokið innan 15-30 ms, sem forvarar spennusagningu við kynksama tæki.
• Mikroprocessaraðstæða: Uppsettur með 32-bit RISC processorum fyrir rauntíma spennutöku (≥100 tökur/sec). Notar DSP-based FFT greiningu til að skilgreina grunnhöfuð og háráslega hluti, sem nálgast mælingarnákvæmni ±0,5%.

1.2 Nútímamiklar dæmið stýringarkerfi
Samþætta margfaldar virkni stýringarkerfi leyfa flóknar atburðarbestun:

• Automatic Voltage Reduction (VFR): Lætur úttaksspennu í lag við kerfisofarburt, sem lætur tapa um 4-8%. Formúla: Eff. VSET = VSET × (1 - %R), þar sem %R (venjulega 2-8%) skilgreinir minnkaða hlutfall. Til dæmis, 122V kerfi með 4,9% minnkar spennu gefur 116V.
• Spennutökmarka: Setur virkni takmarka (til dæmis, ±5% Un). Virkar sjálfvirkt við spennubrot, sem má yfirleitt vera af hverju vegnum staðbundin/ fjartengd virkjarar eða SCADA.
• Fault Ride-Through: Halda grunnreglu við villur (til dæmis, spenna fellur til 70% Un). EEPROM geymsla varðveitir mikilvægar parametrar fyrir ≥72 klukkustundir eftir ofarburt.

2. Undirstöðukerfi samþættingarlös

2.1 Transformer Tap Control & Parallel Compensation
Spennuregling krefst samstarfs á mörgum tækjum:

• On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC): Aðalreglari með ±10% spennurangi. Nútímamiklar OLTC notast við rafrænar staðsetningarviltur (±0,5% nákvæmni) til að senda rauntíma gögn til SCADA.
• Kondensatörabankar: Sjálfvirkir skiptingar eftir reynsluverðarbeiðni. Venjulegar skipanir: 4-8 hópar, mettleiki 5-15% af transformer rating (til dæmis, 2-6 Mvar fyrir 33kV kerfi). Stýringarstraumar verða að jafna spennubrot og orkaþungastuðull (mál: 0,95-1,0) til að forvarast við ofarbúð.

2.2 Line Drop Compensation Technologies
Langt afstandsfjötra nota dreifð reglanakerfi:

• Röð sérslysnir: Setja upp röð kondensatórar á 10-33kV loftlínum til að sýrast 40-70% af línuhæð. Dæmi: 2000μF kondensatór á miðpunkt 15 km hækka endaspennu um 4-8%, vernduð af MOV surge arresters.
• Line Voltage Regulators (SVRs): Staðsett 5-8 km frá undirstöðum. Mettleiki: 500-1500 kVA, spennuranga ±10%. Samþætt með Feeder Terminal Units (FTUs) fyrir staðbundið sjálfvirkni, sem lætur tapa við fjartengingu.

2.3 Tæki skipanir

3. Advanced Control Strategies

3.1 Traditional Nine-Zone Control & Improvements
The voltage-reactive power plane is divided into 9 zones to trigger predefined actions:

• Zone Logic: Boundaries set by voltage limits (e.g., ±3% Un) and reactive limits (e.g., ±10% Qn). Example: Zone 1 (low voltage) triggers voltage increase.
• Limitations: Boundary oscillations cause frequent device actions (e.g., capacitor switching in Zone 5), and fail to handle multi-constraint coupling (e.g., voltage violation + reactive deficiency).

3.2 Fuzzy Control & Dynamic Zoning
Modern systems adopt fuzzy logic to overcome limitations:

• Fuzzification: Defines voltage deviation (ΔU) and reactive deviation (ΔQ) as fuzzy variables (e.g., Negative Large to Positive Large), with trapezoidal membership functions.
• Rule Base: 81 fuzzy rules enable nonlinear mapping, e.g.:
• IF ΔU is Negative Large AND ΔQ is Zero THEN Raise Voltage.
• Dynamic Adjustment: Expands voltage dead zones during heavy loads (±1.5%→±3%), reducing device actions by 40–60%.

3.3 Multi-Objective Optimization
For distributed energy integration scenarios:

• Objective Function:
  Min[Ploss + λ1·(Uref - Umeas)² + λ2·(Qbalance) + λ3·(Tap_change)]
  (λ: weighting coefficients; Tap_change: tap operation cost)
• Constraints:
1. Voltage safety: Umin ≤ Ui ≤ Umax
2. Device capacity: |Qc| ≤ Qcmax
3. Daily tap operations: ∑|Tap_change| ≤ 8
• Algorithm: Improved PSO optimization with 50 particles converges in <3s, meeting real-time requirements.

4. Communication & Automation Support Systems

4.1 IEC 61850 Communication Architecture

• GOOSE Messaging: Supports inter-station commands with <10ms delay. Enables coordinated voltage control (e.g., sub-stations respond within 100ms to main-station commands).
• Information Modeling: Defines logical nodes (e.g., ATCC for tap control, CPOW for capacitors), each with 30+ data objects (e.g., TapPos, VoltMag) for plug-and-play integration.

4.2 SCADA System Integration

• Data Acquisition: RTUs sample critical data (voltage, current, tap position) every 2 seconds, prioritizing voltage data transmission.
• Control Functions:
1. Remote parameter adjustment (e.g., VSET, %R).
2. Seamless auto/manual mode switching.
3. Automatic operation lock during device faults.
• Visualization: Dynamic single-line diagrams (voltage violations highlighted in red), trend curves, and audible alarms.

4.3 Key Communication Protocols

5. Performance Optimization & Validation

5.1 Voltage Optimization (VO) Protocol Implementation
U.S. Energy Association’s three-tier approach:

1. Fixed Voltage Reduction (VFR): Full-time 2–3% reduction (e.g., 122V→119V). Suitable for stable loads. Annual savings: 1.5–2.5%, but risks motor startup issues.
2. Line Drop Compensation (LDC): Dynamically adjusts voltage based on load current.
3. Automatic Voltage Feedback (AVFC): Closed-loop control using 3–5 remote sensors/feeder. PID algorithm with 30s cycles.

5.2 Performance Quantification

• Data Collection: 0.2S-class power analyzers record voltage, THD, and power parameters (1s intervals, 7-day duration).
• Energy Savings Calculation: Regression analysis excludes temperature effects.
• Key Metrics:
• Voltage compliance rate: >99.5%
• Daily device actions: <4
• Line loss reduction: 3–8%
• Capacitor switching lifespan: >100,000 cycles.

5.3 Optimization Technique Comparison