Transformer design is a complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors to ensure safe and efficient operation. In addition, compliance with international and local regulations is essential to guarantee that transformers meet safety and performance standards. Below are key factors to consider in transformer design and the relevant regulations to follow:Transformer Design Factors: Voltage and Frequency: Determine the input and output voltage levels and the operating frequency. The

Transformers are critical components in power systems, and various failure modes can affect their operation. Timely identification and resolution of these failure modes are essential to prevent costly downtime and ensure system reliability. Below are some common transformer failure modes, along with methods to identify and address them: Insulation FailureIdentification: Insulation failure leads to decreased insulation resistance, which can be detected through insulation resistance testing (megge

Most DC molded-case circuit breakers use natural air arc extinction, and there are typically two arc extinguishing methods: one is conventional opening and closing, where the contacts axially stretch the arc, while the conductive circuit generates a magnetic field that bends and elongates the arc, pulling it lengthwise perpendicular to the arc axis. This not only increases the arc length but also induces lateral motion, enabling air cooling to achieve arc extinction.The other method involves the

The arc extinguishing system of a DC circuit breaker is crucial for the safe operation of equipment, as the arc generated during current interruption can damage contacts and compromise insulation.In AC systems, the current naturally passes through zero twice per cycle, and AC circuit breakers take full advantage of these zero-crossing points to extinguish the arc.However, DC systems lack natural current zero crossings, making arc extinction significantly more difficult for DC circuit breakers. T

1 Technical Challenges1.1Stability of Device ParallelingIn practical applications, the current-carrying capacity of a single power electronic device is relatively limited. To meet high-current requirements, multiple devices are often connected in parallel. However, parameter variations between devices—such as slight differences in on-resistance and threshold voltage—can cause uneven current distribution during parallel operation. During switching transients, parasitic inductance and capacitance

First of all, it must be clarified: AC circuit breakers must not be used to replace DC circuit breakers in DC circuits!Due to differences in arc generation and extinction processes between AC and DC, AC and DC circuit breakers with the same rated values do not have identical capabilities when interrupting DC power. Using AC circuit breakers in place of DC ones, or mixing AC and DC breakers, is one of the main causes of protection miscoordination and unintended upstream tripping.Circuit breakers