Tsanawa na UHV: Yau da Dama Da Kyau Da Maɗaƙi
1. Gaba
Turanci masu karkashin kirkiro (UHV) suna cikin abubuwa na kwanaki na taurari a zamanin yanzu. In fahimta manyan ci gaban ingantaccen, kudaden kiyaye, yanayin kawo karfi da kuma kudaden kayan aiki, za su taimaka wajen samun cewa haka shi ne mafi kyau a kan kayan aiki na kwanaki na taurari a kasar.
Bayanar Ci Gaban Ingantaccen
Ma'ana ta "turanci masu karkashin kirkiro" ana nufin turanci masu karkashin kirkiro da ake amfani da su a kungiyoyin karamin kashi da ci gaban ingantaccen kamar 1,000 kV ko da yake, ko kuma a kungiyoyin karamin kashi daga bayan-bayan da ci gaban ingantaccen kamar ±800 kV ko da yake.
1.1 Bayanin Fanni
Tsarin turanci masu karkashin kirkiro masu ci gaban ingantaccen ya faru saboda taswirin tattalin arziki da kuma tara na kwanaki na taurari a kasar, tun daga iya haɗa tsarin kawo karfin kashi da karkashin inganta, da karkashin adadin kashi mai yawa, da kuma karkashin rarrabe kashi. Misali, a shekarar 2010, China ta gina ƙarfin ƙarfafa 1,000 kV / 1,000 MVA UHV transformer a matsayin mutanen da su.
1.2 UHV a Karamin Kashi Daga Bayan-Bayan
Fanni na UHV shine ma'ana a cikin karamin kashi daga bayan-bayan (HVDC). Misali, ±1,100 kV UHV DC converter transformer shine daya daga muhimman abubuwa da ke aiki a kan sadarwarren "Made in China 2025" da kuma "Belt and Road Initiative" na China, kuma tushen fannin da suka zama a yi nasarar a duniya.
2. Abubuwan Da Duk Ake Cika
Turanci masu karkashin kirkiro masu ci gaban ingantaccen suna da kudaden kiyaye da kuma kawo karfi. Idan ake magana game da misalai na turanci masu karkashin kirkiro na biyu, yawancin abubuwan da ake cika sun hada da:
| Komponenti | Funktsiyoyi da Nau'o'i |
| Iron Core | An yi aiki ne tare da kudin silicon steel sheets don samun hanyar magnetic na yammacin. UHV transformers zai iya amfani da tsarin muhimmanci kamar six-module segmented core don kawo karfi da kuma taimakawa harkokin. |
| Windings | Sun hada da high-voltage windings da low-voltage windings. Amma, low-voltage winding yana aiki a cikin rukuni, sannan high-voltage winding yana aiki a fagen rukuni. Wannan shine komponenti mai gurbin don transformer ya kula hanyar voltage transformation. |
| Insulation System | Sun hada da winding insulation, interlayer insulation da transformer oil. UHV transformers zai iya amfani da multi-layer molded corner ring insulation structure, compact tank wall barrier insulation structure, wanda za su taimaka masu transformer su bi shiga margin ta insulation. |
| Oil Tank and Transformer Oil | Oil tank yana da iron core, windings da transformer oil; transformer oil yana da alaka a matsayin insulation da kuma cooling. |
| Voltage Regulation Device | UHV transformers suna iya amfani da neutral point on-load tap-changer don voltage regulation, sannan zai iya amfani da independent external voltage regulation mode, yana nufin cewa transformer main body da voltage regulation compensation transformer tank zai kan aiki a wurare. |
| Cooling System | Yana kawo karfin heat da ke faruwa a lokacin harkokin. UHV transformers zai iya amfani da advanced designs kamar multi-channel body heat dissipation structure da new iron core clamp oil passage structure don kawo karfi da kula hanyar heat dissipation. |
| Protection Devices and Bushings | Sun hada da conservator, gas relay, moisture absorber, safety airway, etc. High-voltage da low-voltage insulating bushings suna taimaka mafi girman internal leads da external lines, sannan suke taimaka insulation to the tank. UHV bushings suna da tsari mai zurfi, misali, suke amfani da multi-layer insulation cylinders da support stay structures don taimaka uniform electric field. |
3. Tattalin Aiki da Masana Babiya
Masana'ar IEE-Business transformers na tassan kwalba (UHV) shine yanayin aiki mai sauƙi wanda ya haɗa daga raw materials zuwa saman abincin. A cikin wannan, ana bayyana masu aiki uku na biyu:
| Tara | Muhimmanci Maudu |
| Dakilanta da Zabincin Mataki | Yin dakilanta masana kusa, zabi, da kuma takamantar daidaiya ba da tsari, da kuma zabi mataki mai yawa na silicon, jikin zuwa na harsuna, alama mai inganci, kamar yadda ya gane. |
| Nau'in Matakin Silicon | Wannan yana haɗa da cutar da ziyartar da kuma koyar mataki na silicon. Dukkar da kuma ma'adanar koyar suna taimaka wajen bincike shirin masana kusa da kuma rarrabe daidaiya ba. |
| Nau'in Koyar | Koyar za su koyar da yanayin koyar masu siffar addinin daidaiya, da kuma yin amfani da alama (kamar yadda ake amfani da kwarin alama). Adadin koyarza ya fi kyau, koyarza ya fi maye, da kuma alaman ya fi yawan gaskiya. |
| Amfani da Alama da Koyar | Koyar da kuma karkashin daidaiya suna buƙatar yin amfani da alama da koyar ta hanyar varnishing da koyar a matsayin alama. Don abubuwan UHV, ana iya amfani da wuraren gas-phase drying a lokacin daidaiya don haske cewa mafuran alama ≤ 0.4%. |
| Nau'in Tanka Oil da Kammala | Nau'in tanka oil da kammala masu karkashin metal kamar kalam da kuma kammalun keɓa. |
| Nau'in Daidaiya | Integrally nau'in matakin daidaiya, koyar, leads, kamar yadda ake gani a tanka oil, kafofin koyar, da kuma sauyin kammala kamar bushings da kuma wurare daidaiya. |
| Bincike da Bincike | Amsa da dukan binciken daidaiya, kamar binciken alama, binciken daidaiya, binciken daidaiya, binciken daidaiya, kamar yadda ake gani. |
Ko da yawa na biyayya suna cikin tattalin abubuwa da ma'ana ga tattalin kisan karami (UHV) da ke bukatar tsari mai karfi da shugaban lissafi:
3.1 Tattalin Kirkiro da Tsaro Mai Karami
3.1.1 Ma'ana
Tattalin UHV suna da sararin kadan (kamar haka, zuwa 500 MVA baki daya), wanda yake taimakawa tsaron karami a matsayin masu muhimmanci. Tsaron karami mai yawa zai iya haifar da rarrabe masu sauti da karamin gaba, wanda yake ya haifar da ci gaban rayuwar daidai.
3.1.2 Abubuwan Da Duk Da Su Cewa
Yana bukata a yi amfani da tattalin kirkiro mai tsari. An yi amfani da wasu muhimman kayan aiki kamar tsaro mai karami na kirkiro da “L-shaped” copper shielding a wurare tank don in taimaka da karamin gaba zuwa 25%.
3.2 Tattalin Kirkiro da Tattalin Tsafta
3.2.1 Ma'ana
Tsafukan kirkiro shine asibiti ga tattalin UHV don samun ingantaccen rayuwar, saboda hakan yana bukatar maimaita voltages mai yawa da voltage mai yawa.
3.2.2 Abubuwan Da Duk Da Su Cewa
An yi amfani da tattalin kaya kamar multi-layer molded angle-ring insulation structures don in taimaka da tsafta mai yawa da karamin gaba a wurare coil ends da lead exits. Ana bukatar tsarin impregnation da drying processes mai karfi—for example, using high-capacity on-site vapor-phase drying equipment don in taimaka da drying mai yawa wa materials, domin in taimaka da moisture content ≤ 0.4%. Wannan shine muhimmanci don in ba partial discharge da breakdown of insulation.
3.3 Tattalin Kirkiro a Gida
3.3.1 Ma'ana
A wurare da take da rashin nuna mai yawa—kamar wurare da take da kasa ko wurare da take da manyan kaya—tattalin UHV suna bukatar tattalin kirkiro a gida. Wannan yana bukatar tattalin kirkiro, transport, protection, da kuma tattalin kirkiro a gida na duka masu aiki, wanda yake ya haifar da tattalin kirkiro da process complexity zuwa darajin da yake da ita a kan tattalin daidai.
3.3.2 Abubuwan Da Duk Da Su Cewa
An bukatar tattalin modular structural designs—for instance, segmented-core frames da detachable connection structures. Tolerances a gida ya kamata aikata zuwa millimeter-level precision (kamar haka, coil-to-core center alignment deviation < 3 mm). An bukatar tsari mai karfi don in taimaka da tolerance control, prevention of moisture, da kuma protection of cleanliness don in taimaka da performance bayan tattalin kirkiro.
3.4 Tattalin Kirkiro da Quality Control
3.4.1 Ma'ana
Ingantaccen tattalin kirkiro ta shiga tattalin transformer’s electrical performance, mechanical strength, da kuma short-circuit withstand capability.
3.4.2 Abubuwan Da Duk Da Su Cewa
Yana bukatar amfani da automated winding equipment don in taimaka da precise tension control da layer alignment. Bayan tattalin kirkiro, an yi power-frequency withstand voltage da DC resistance tests don in taimaka da elimination of risks such as inter-turn short circuits.
3.5 Factory Acceptance Tests da Partial Discharge Measurement
3.5.1 Ma'ana
Wadannan tests suna da muhimmanci a kan checkpoint na quality na farko bayan delivery, wanda suke taimaka da identification of potential defects in design or manufacturing.
3.5.2 Abubuwan Da Duk Da Su Cewa
Beyond standard tests, partial discharge (PD) measurement is especially critical. PD testing is highly sensitive to minute insulation flaws and serves as a key indicator of the internal insulation condition.
3.6 Coil Winding for UHV Transformers
3.6.1
| Tara | Rolin da Kyau na Funtarwa na Annabi | Rolin Kirkiroko/Na'urar Da'aɗa |
| Funtarwar Tauri na Kofin Turu | Mafi yawa. Masana'antu suna yi amfani da hankalin, lisan da ta'adannan don kawo gaba da miliyan tsohon bayanai kamar yanayin zage, kyakkyawan da kuma inda ake shirya abubuwan da suka dace. | Na biyu. Suna ba da baya da wurin da ke da takam da karamin kokari, amma ba zan iya kawo gaban da'amun da aka buƙata ba. |
| Gaban da Amfani da Hukuma | Yakin da ya fi. Masana'antu masu ma'adin suna iya kawo gaba da faifan bayanai bayan wucin da kaɗaɓa (siffar tattalin arziki ita ce 2mm) don samun aikin aiki na jirgin kula. | Sun bayar da alatun tabbaci (kamar kalam), amma cewa kan bayyana da hukuma suna neman da damar masana'antu da kuma ingantaccen da suka yi. |
| Funtarwar Mai Yawan Mafi Yawan (kamar Kafuwarsa) | Babu daya da za a iya kawo gaban. Idan an samu miliyan tsohon kalmomi da kuma miliyan tsohon abubuwan da ake kafuwarsa, masana'antu suna da shiga da kawo gaba da faren lambobin, kyakkyawan da lokacin da ake yi, kamar halin kafuwarsar tsakanin kalmomi a fagen gaba-gaba. | Sun bayar da alatun kafuwarsa, amma kawo gaban da aiki suna neman da damar masana'antu. |
| Yadda Za a Yi Aiki a Gaba | Ilimin da masana'antu masu ma'adin suka samu shi ne yakin da ya fi. | Inganci da kalmomi. Zan iya kawo ilimin masana'antu masu ma'adin zuwa bayanan da ake amfani da su don tabbatar da kyakkyawan da kuma tattaunan da suka yi, don koyar da ilimi don aiki na gaba. |
3.6.2 Dalilai Da Ma Yadda Aiki Na Koyar Winding Ba Zan Yi Amfani Da Ita A Gaba
Ana da abu uku masu muhimmanci da yake da suka hada da ma a yi amfani da ita a gaba a cikin koyar winding na UHV transformer:
3.6.2.1 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
Akwai koyar UHV transformer da ake koyar da shugaban mutum daga filiyan da dama, da kuma mutane da miliyan, da zama da ci gaba da wata 20-30 metric tons. Idan an yi koyar, ya kamata a yi koyar da tushen daidai, idan a yi koyar da insulatin spacer, ko da koyar da insulation paper, yana da kyau a yi koyar da tushen daidai—wanda ba a yi amfani da ita a gaba. Wannan tsari na takamfi na zamanin da ya kamata a yi koyar da tushen daidai, wanda babu a yi amfani da ita a gaba, ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
3.6.2.2 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
UHV transformers suna da abubuwa da dama da ke tsari da abin da yawancin. Misali, a ±1,100 kV converter transformers, ana bukatar da hanyoyin solder da suka da filiyan da dama don a yi koyar da filiyan da dama. Masu amfani suna bukatar da a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kamar “connecting capillaries.” Wannan tsari na takamfi na zamanin, wanda babu a yi amfani da ita a gaba, ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
3.6.2.3 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
Wata koyar suna da abubuwan da dama. Idan a yi koyar da tushen daidai, misali, idan a yi koyar da tushen daidai, za a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma za a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya. Wannan tsari na takamfi na zamanin, wanda babu a yi amfani da ita a gaba, ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
4. Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
A cikin sassan UHV transformer, ana yi koyar da tsarin farko ta abin da yawancin (a kVA), ba a yi koyar da tsarin farko ta abin da yawancin, saboda ana da abubuwan da dama da ke tsari da abin da yawancin—from a few hundred MVA to over 1,000 MVA per unit.
4.1 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
Idan a yi koyar da tushen daidai, me kuke so ku fada?
4.1.1 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
UHV transformers suna da abubuwan da dama da ke tsari da abin da yawancin. Misali, Master Craftsman Zhang Guoyun ya yi koyar da koyar daga filiyan da dama, da kuma mutane da miliyan, da zama da ci gaba da wata 25 years. An yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
4.1.2 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
Wannan abubuwan da dama suna da abubuwan da dama da ke tsari da abin da yawancin, wanda babu a yi amfani da ita a gaba, ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
4.1.3 Tsarin Farko Ta Abin da Yawancin
Don in samun tsarin farko ta abin da yawancin, manufacturers suna bukatar da a yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya. Misali, “Master Craftsmen Innovation Studios” suna yi koyar da tushen daidai, kuma ana iya a yi koyar da tushen daidai, baki daya.
| Muhimmin | Bayanai/Makarfi | Bayanai Musamman |
| Kudin Iya Makaranta na Masu Yawanci | TBEA tana da kudin shekarar 495 miliyan kVA | Yana nuna makarfi mai yawa na iya makaranta a kasar. |
| Jamiyar Kudin Iya Makaranta na Kasar | A shekarar 2023, kudin iya makaranta na UHV na China ya kai kusan 50 miliyan kVA (0.5 miliyan kVA), kuma ana gaba a rike shi zuwa 60 miliyan kVA (0.6 miliyan kVA) a 2025 | Yana nuna daraja daga cikin jamiyar iya makaranta na UHV na kasar baki daya. |
| Tsarin Iya Makaranta | Tsarin iya makaranta na iya makaranta na UHV yana da tsari mai yawa, yana da ranar 18 zuwa 36 watan shekara | Wannan shine abu mai muhimmanci mafi yawa wanda ke hada da takardun zabe ta shekarar. |
4.2 Yadda Da Yake Mafi Yawan Tattalin Shanarwar
Yawan tattalin shanarwar na mafi yawa da zahiri (UHV) ba za a iya kawo da kyau a matsayin “dabam” saboda abubuwa masu yawan karfi na aikin aiki da kuma lokacin da ke dace da aiki.
4.2.1 Yawan Karfi da Lokacin Dace
Akwai wani abu da ake kira “gargajiya” na gida ta shanarwar, UHV transformers suna da sadarwa da takamunci sosai a cikin tashar, abincin, aikin aiki da kuma binadarwa. Duk fannonin ya kamata—daga samun abincin da aiki na inganci na muhimman yanayin (kamar windings da cores) zuwa aiki na gaba da binadarwa na watau—yana da lokacin da ke dace don aiki.
4.2.2 Tsarin Aikin Samun Yanayin Masu Yawan Karamin
A duniya, akwai matakiyar kadan ne da suka da damar aikin UHV transformers da suka haɗa da ±800 kV ko daidai (kamar TBEA, XD Group, Siemens, ABB). Muhimmancin UHV a kasashen mulkin hankali suna da aikin da suke da tsari, da suka yi aiki na UHV a kafuwar kafuwa, da suka kawo da yanayin da aka sanya a baya don kowane aiki mai yawa. Misalai, wani aiki mai yawa na UHV DC transmission zai iya buƙatar hanyoyin transformer. Saboda haka, damar aikin da suka da suka masu aiki masu yawa—kamar TBEA da suka da damar aikin da ke ɗaya da 500 million kVA—sun fi tsara a kan aikin don aiki mai yawa, ba aikin don bayarwa.
4.3 Ingantaccen Ayyuka da Talabinta a Duniya
4.3.1 Ƙananan Yawan Aikin a Gida
An samu aiki na UHV grid a kasar China a lokacin da yake da ƙananan yawan aiki. Idan ake nuna a tsarin mulki, a shekarar 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025), State Grid ta samun 38 ƙananan lini na UHV—mai 24 AC da 14 DC projects—wanda yana da ƙananan yawan da 13th Five-Year Plan. Wannan yana ba da ƙananan yawan aikin da ke da ƙwarewa don UHV transformers a gida.
4.3.2 Ƙananan Talabinta a Duniya da China Mai Mahimmanci
A duniya, tattalin shanarwar suna da rashin da yake da ƙananan talabinta. Lokacin da zaɓuɓɓukan da suka da transformers na musamman suna da lokacin da ke dace da biyu, da kuma lokacin da zaɓuɓɓukan da suka da transformers masu yawan karamin, suka da lokacin da ke uku da hudu. A cikin wannan yadda, China ta faru a kan mutum mai mahimmanci a duniya, saboda hasken aikin, damar aikin da ke da ƙwarewa (kamar idan an yi aiki da transformers UHV a kasashen mulkin hankali yana da lokacin da ke ɗaya da 18 wata, amma a China, masu aiki masu yawa suka iya kammala ita a lokacin da ke ɗaya da uku), da kuma damar aiki. An samun transformers daga China ta faru—ta samun RMB 29.711 billion a cikin ƙwanon ɗaya da ɗaya na 2025, wanda yana da ƙananan yawan da ke ɗaya da 50% a ranar ɗaya—wanda yana nuna cewa damar aikin China yana da ƙananan yawan don tabbatar da talabinta na duniya.
4. Amfani
A nan da take da “gargajiya” na gida ta shanarwar, UHV transformer yana da takamunci sosai a cikin aikin aikin da tushen rawa, abincin, aikin aiki da kuma duk fannonin aiki. Wannan yana da takamunci sosai da ƙananan yawan aiki da tushen kayan aikin da ke da ƙwarewa wanda ke nuna UHV power grid na zamani, da ƙananan yawan da ke da ƙwarewa.
