Vyanzo Vitatu vya Teknolojia ya Mtandao Maalum kwa Mfumo Mpya wa Umeme: Ubunifu katika Mitandao ya Kupanuliwa

1. Utafiti wa Vifaa vya Kinga na Mfumo wa Usimamizi wa Mali

1.1 Utafiti wa Vifaa vya Kinga Mapya na Komponeti Mapya

Vifaa vingineo vya kinga vyanza kuwa kama wakati wa uhamiaji wa nishati, usambazaji wa umeme, na usimamizi wa uendeshaji katika mfumo wa usambazaji na matumizi mapya ya umeme, kusaidia kutathmini asili ya uendeshaji, ustawi, uhakika, na gharama za mfumo. Kwa mfano:

• Vifaa vya kinga vya mzunguko mpya yanaweza kupunguza matumizi ya nishati, kuhusu maswala kama ukosefu wa nishati na utosi wa mazingira.

• Vifaa vya kinga vya umeme vya juu vilivyotumika katika sensori za mtandao wa umeme wenye hekima yanaweza kusaidia kuboresha uhakika ya uendeshaji wa mfumo.

• Vifaa vya kinga vya mzunguko mpya na muundo wa kinga yanaweza kutatua maswala mengi ya overvoltage ya pulse ya wingi ambayo inatokea kutokana na integreti ya vifaa vya electronic power.

• Mkipimo mpya wa vifaa vya radio frequency na vifaa vya electronic power vilivyoundwa kulingana na vifaa vya semiconductor wa tatu (kilichowakilishwa na gallium nitride (GaN) na silicon carbide (SiC)) yanaweza kutoa msaada teknolojia katika upatikanaji wa uchache na matumizi ya nishati katika viwanda vya mawasiliano na electronics.

1.2 Utafiti wa Vifaa vya Umeme Mapya na Nyaraka za Matumizi ya Umeme

Kutoka kwa bidhaa nyengine, mashirika yanavyoendesha vifaa vya electronic power mapya—hasa switchgear yenye mzunguko mpya. Kwa kudhibiti mzunguko wa nguvu za active na reactive kwenye feeders zinazohusiana, vifaa hivi yanaweza kufanya kazi kama kubalansisha nguvu, kuboresha voltage, kusambaza ongezeko, na kuzuia current ya hitilafu.

Katika mfululizo wa Energy Internet, kutengeneza teknolojia mpya kufanya "function + monitoring + electronization + digitalization + artificial intelligence" inaweza kusaidia mashirika kukua kutoka kwa uzuia wa chini kwa uzuia wa juu, kutoka kwa bidhaa moja kwa suluhisho kamili, na kutoka kwa maeneo ya uuzaji kwa eneo la ubunifu. Hii linaweza kusaidia uuzaji na ubunifu wa vifaa vya umeme vya chini kusaidia low-carbon, digitalization, na maendeleo yanayofaa.

1.3 Teknolojia ya Usimamizi wa Mali wa Kiwango cha Vifaa vya Umeme

Mfumo wa usambazaji na matumizi mapya wa umeme unahitaji aina nyingi za vifaa vya umeme vya kinga na nyaraka za matumizi ya umeme, kufanya usimamizi wa kiwango cha vifaa vya umeme na muundo wa mazingira kuwa muhimu sana. Ni muhimu kuhakikisha kwamba vifaa vyote vinaweza kufanya kazi kwa ustawi na kufikiwa kwa faida.

Usimamizi wa kiwango cha vifaa unahitaji kuangalia hatua ya mapokeo, hatua ya utambuzi, hatua ya uuzaji, na hatua ya ufunguzi. Katika usimamizi wa mali, lazima tuweke muundo wa kutosha ili kuhakikisha kuwa data inashirikiwa na usimamizi unaweza kuboreshwa. Teknolojia kama "Internet +" yatakukua kuongeza muktadha wa usimamizi na kuboresha ufanisi wa usimamizi.

2. Teknolojia ya Uuzaji wa Msingi na Microgrid

2.1 Teknolojia ya Uuzaji wa Nishati Mapya

2.1.1 Teknolojia ya Maendeleo ya Nishati Mapya na Nishati ya Maridhiano

Tangu teknolojia za maendeleo ya nishati mapya zitekeleze, baadhi ya chanzo za nishati za maridhiano (kama vile nishati ya mpana na jua) imefika kiwango cha matumizi kwa kasi na sasa inaongoza katika mfumo wa usambazaji wa umeme. Lakini bado ni muhimu kutekeleza vifaa vya kinga vya mzunguko mpya na teknolojia za panel za photovoltaic zinazopewa bei chache na ufanisi mkubwa.

Pia, maendeleo ya chanzo nyingine—kama vile nishati ya hydrogen, nishati ya chini, na nishati ya biomass—yanaonekana kuhitajika zaidi. Misal: teknolojia za kutengeneza, kutengeneza, na kutuma hydrogen, teknolojia za kutumia chini kwa viwango, na teknolojia za biofuel.

Pia, maendeleo ya msingi na usambazaji wa nishati mapya yanaweza kupunguza hasara za usambazaji, kuboresha ufanisi wa matumizi ya nishati mapya, na kuboresha uwezo wa grid kuwasilisha nishati mapya, kusaidia kufanikisha faida za jamii na kiuchumi.

2.2 Teknolojia ya Mpango wa Nishati Msingi

Muundo wa kutatua mpango na uzalishaji wa nishati msingi unaletwa kutegemea kwa kutengeneza majanga ya mawasiliano na usimamizi wa dispatching kati ya mashirika tofauti.

Kutoka kwa mlango wa teknolojia, pamoja na mikakati ya teknolojia zinazohitajika kwa kiasi, kama vile kiwango cha voltage, kiwango cha current ya short-circuit, na ufanisi wa power (flicker, harmonics).

Kutoka kwa mlango wa hisabati, mikakati ya mpango yanayohitajika kwa matumizi nyingi na dharura mingi yanaweza kuwa ngumu. Hivyo, mikakati ya mpango ya objective nyingi ambayo hutengeneza rasilimali na mikakati ya operations ni muhimu sana.

Zaidi, yanaweza kutatua: kutatua mawasiliano na kutathmini mfumo wa system na nishati msingi; kutafuta integrasi na mpango mzuri wa system za usambazaji na mitandao ya mawasiliano; na kutengeneza models na tools za simulation kwa ajili ya tatifa kamili, dharura, na uchanganuzi wa kiuchumi.

2.3 Teknolojia ya Msaada wa Nishati Mapya Msingi

Uuzaji wa msingi (DG) unahitaji kuwa anaweza kubadilisha kiwango cha frequency na voltage kwa kiasi fulani, lakini pia kuzuia mabadiliko mwingi wa haraka kwa frequency na voltage.

Sasa, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji "inertia-stiffness compensator," ambayo inaweza kutoa msaada wa haraka wa frequency na voltage wakati mfumo unaona hitilafu za power. Uwezo wa DG wa kusaidia inertia wa frequency unaweza kutathmini kwa kushiriki nguvu ya active wakati wa mabadiliko ya power, kutoa msingi wa kusimamia standards za grid-connection zifuatazo.

2.4 Teknolojia ya Kutathmini Output wa Uuzaji wa Nishati Mapya Msingi

Uuzaji wa nishati mapya msingi unahitaji eneo la ukubwa, micro-meteorological characteristics zinazozunguka, na athari nyingi kutokana na nyumba na shughuli za binadamu, kutatua output prediction.

Utafiti wa sasa wa output wa uuzaji wa nishati mapya msingi unahusu kutumia ramani za hali ya hewa na climatic conditions kwa ajili ya utathmini wa power generation, kwa kiasi kikubwa kinachotoa athari ya hali ya tabia kwa output ya nishati mapya. Hakuna kutathmini spatial distribution characteristics ya DG na vitu vya shughuli za binadamu.

2.5 Teknolojia ya Cluster Control ya Uuzaji wa Nishati Mapya Msingi

Uzalishaji wa cluster control ni njia nzuri kwa DG katika mfumo wa usambazaji wa umeme unaotumia nishati mapya kwa kiasi.

Sasa, utafiti wa teknolojia ya cluster control kwa uuzaji wa nishati mapya msingi unahitaji kuwa bado mwanzoni. Malengo hayo yanahusu kuzingatia kudhibiti vifaa vya uzalishaji moja, hakuna kutathmini mikakati za kudhibiti vifaa vingine vya nishati mapya vilivyotumika kwa grid-connected inverters.

Maswala muhimu yanayobaki: mechanism ya unequal power distribution kati ya multiple inverters wakati wa mabadiliko ya power; interaction mechanism ya mikakati za kudhibiti multi-time-scale kwa multiple inverters; na inadequacy ya droop control traditional (kulingana na active power-frequency na reactive power-voltage characteristic curves) wakati resistance ya power distribution lines si ignorible, inaweza kupunguza DG kutokana na primary frequency na voltage regulation.

2.6 Teknolojia ya Distributed Energy Storage

Kutoka kwa mlango wa power, tatizo la static na dynamic la new-type power distribution systems ni tatizo la power imbalance kwa time scales mbalimbali:

• Kwenye time scale wa mrefu wa peak load periods, power imbalance kati ya generation na load sides linaweza kuleta tatizo la static kama peak-valley differences.

• Kwenye time scale wa fupi kutoka kwa mabadiliko ya power hadi activation ya primary frequency/voltage regulation, power electronic equipment haipo na rotor inertia ya synchronous generators na hawezi kusaidia mfumo dhidi ya power imbalance, kusababisha ustawi wa mfumo kupunguza na power quality kuboresha.

Teknolojia ya distributed energy storage inatoa suluhisho la kutosha kwa tatizo la static na dynamic linalotokana na power imbalance kwa time scales mbalimbali.

2.6.1 Teknolojia ya Peak Shaving na Frequency Regulation ya Energy Storage

Energy-type energy storage—irepresented by distributed pumped storage, flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries, na cold/heat storage technologies—inaweza kufuta peaks, shave peaks na fill valleys, smooth fluctuations, na kufanya kazi pamoja na charging piles kurekebisha impacts ya charging power, kusaidia kuboresha use rate ya power distribution equipment.

Peak shaving na frequency regulation teknolojia ya energy storage inahitaji miundombinu ya energy storage systems kwa kiasi cha capacity, response speed, cost, safety, na power/energy density. Aina moja ya energy storage haiwezi kufanikisha hizi, hivyo kutafuta hybrid energy storage teknolojia na advantages kamili ni muhimu.

2.6.2 Teknolojia ya Stability na Power Quality Enhancement

Distributed energy storage teknolojia inatoa suluhisho la kutosha kuboresha stability na power quality ya new-type power distribution systems.

Baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji njia inayohusisha energy storage systems na grid-connected inverter control strategies ili DG iweze kutoa msaada wa dynamic stability kwa mfumo. Na integration kubwa ya power electronic equipment kumpunguza inertia ya mfumo, grid-connected inverters pamoja na energy storage itakuwa njia muhimu kuboresha dynamic stability ya mfumo.

Pia, power-type energy storage—irepresented by supercapacitors—inaweza kufanya kazi kwa haraka na inaplay role muhimu kuboresha power quality ya power distribution systems. Sasa, energy storage devices kubwa, safe, na economical za distributed energy storage teknolojia hazijatumii kwa kutosha, hawawezi kufanikisha peak shaving needs ya integration kubwa ya incremental loads.

2.6.3 Microgrid Technology

Kutathmini control coordinated wa various distributed resources kwenye microgrid level na kuihitaji kama voltage/current source nje inaweza kupunguza complexity ya frequency na voltage stability control kwenye power distribution systems.

Kutathmini msaada wa power na optimization ya dispatch kwenye microgrid cluster level inaweza kutumia complementary characteristics za nishati mapya na loads katika eneo tofauti kutatua maswala ya economic dispatch kama DG output fluctuations na peak-valley differences.

2.6.4 Frequency na Voltage Dynamic Stability Technology kwa New Energy Microgrids

Kama eneo lililo independent na autonomous, new energy microgrids hufanya maswala ya dynamic stability sawa na power distribution systems.

Baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji voltage-source virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy. VSG ni njia ya kawaida kuboresha dynamic frequency na voltage support capabilities ya DG. Idea yake ni kudhibiti grid-connected inverters kusimulate external characteristics (active power-frequency na reactive power-voltage) ya synchronous generators.

Virtual inertia na damping ya synchronous generators simulated na teknolojia ya VSG ya zamani ni mara nyingi fixed. Kwenye aina mbalimbali za power disturbances, fixed inertia parameters hawawezi kufanikisha requirements za stability na rapidity ya microgrid frequency dynamic regulation.

Kulingana na hizi, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji adaptive virtual inertia control technology. Pia, wengine wamesema generalized droop control technology kwa kutengeneza teknolojia ya droop control ya zamani—kuunda secondary frequency control kwenye droop control ya zamani kusimulate inertia na damping characteristics.

2.6.5 Macro-Control Technology kwa Microgrid Clusters

Maswala muhimu katika operation na control ya microgrid clusters ni jinsi ya kufanya unified regulation ya multiple microgrids na jinsi ya kutatua msaada wa power na optimized operation.

Baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji four-level control structure kwa microgrid clusters, ikilingana na power distribution layer, microgrid cluster layer, microgrid layer, na unit layer.

Mikakati miwili muhimu zinatumika kwenye microgrid cluster layer: master-slave control na peer-to-peer control.

• Master-slave control inahitaji communication kubwa kati ya microgrids na inapiga pressure kubwa kwa master control unit kwa voltage na frequency regulation.

• Peer-to-peer control inaharibu hizi: kila microgrid unit inafanya kudhibiti autonomously peer-to-peer kulingana na droop curves zilizopreset, hakuna hitaji ya communication au control ya juu.

Baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji control strategy kwa hybrid microgrid clusters zenye AC na DC microgrids. Strategy hii inastandardize active power-frequency characteristics za AC microgrids na active power-voltage characteristics za DC microgrids kutafuta unified control scale, kufanya peer-to-peer control kwa hybrid microgrid clusters.

Kutatua changamoto za real-time dispatch optimization kwa microgrid clusters, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji modeling method kwa coordinated optimization kwa microgrid clusters kulingana na partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) kwenye decentralized structure. Method hii inafanya optimization modeling kwa kutumia information zilizopartially observed hata kwenye weak communication conditions na kutumia Lagrange multipliers kudetach objective function, kupunguza solution complexity. Utafiti huu unatoa guidance muhimu kwa kutatua real-time dispatch optimization kwa microgrid clusters na peer-to-peer control.

3. Source-Load Interaction Technology

Flexible Load Utilization na Load Management Technology

Flexible load utilization ni link muhimu katika maendeleo ya smart energy use na energy conservation, kusaidia kujenga society ya energy-saving.

Utafiti wa flexible load regulation technology inahusu:

• Classification na modeling flexible loads kulingana na saratani zao kutafuta potential ya elasticity full.

• Improving actively flexible load mechanisms na advancing construction ya demonstration projects.

• Using intelligent technologies kutafuta differentiated analysis ya user behavior na kuboresha accuracy ya regulation.

Effective load management inaweza kupunguza supply-demand imbalance kwenye new energy systems kutokana na instability ya new energy na uncertainties kwenye load side. Sasa, power load management teknolojia tayari imefika viwango kama electricity fee management, power loss management, anti-stealing electricity analysis, na data sharing.

Kutokana na maendeleo ya teknolojia za data-driven, virtual power plants, na 5G communication, power load management systems itakuwa kuboreshwa kwa kiasi kubwa kwa load data prediction, load coordination control teknolojia, na effectiveness ya management. Hii itasaidia kuboresha operation coordinated ya components mbalimbali (kama vile distributed generation, electric vehicles, na energy storage systems) na kuboresha use rational ya resources.

3.1 Power Flow Calculation Methods Considering Source-Load Uncertainties

Power flow calculation ni foundation muhimu kwa power distribution system planning na dispatch operation.

Sasa, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji power flow calculation methods zinazohusika na uncertainties za photovoltaic na wind power output. Pia, wengine wamehitaji power flow calculation methods zinazohusika na uncertainties za load na uncertainties za load response kwa peak shaving demands.

Jumla, utafiti uliyopo umejaribu kwa kiasi kikubwa kuhusika na uncertainties katika links mbalimbali za source-load interaction na kutafuta power flow calculation methods kwa uncertainties individual. Lakini, hakuna integrated analysis ya multiple uncertainties na coupling effects zao, ambayo inalimita accuracy ya power flow calculation kwenye complex new-type power distribution systems.

3.2 Multi-Objective Optimal Dispatch Technology for Power Distribution Systems Under Source-Load Interaction Mode

Kwenye source-load interaction mode, decisions za dispatch zinaweza kubadilisha ustawi na reliability ya operation ya mfumo.

Sasa, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji multi-objective power flow optimization solutions kutumia second-order cone optimization na particle swarm optimization algorithms. Solutions hizi hutumia Pareto optimal solution sets kutafuta multidimensional evaluations ya potential optimal solutions, kunipa dispatchers options zaidi za kudhibiti na kusaidia kutatua safe, stable, na economical dispatch kwenye source-load interaction mode.

3.3 Economic Operation Technology in the Power Market Environment

Kuongoza entities nyingi kutokana na power market transactions kwa njia tofauti za incentive ni njia muhimu kuboresha source-load interaction. Aina za teknolojia zinazohusika ni demand response (DR) na virtual power plants (VPPs).

Sasa, utafiti uliyopo unahusika kwa kutumia price incentive mechanisms kutimiza enthusiasm ya users. Kutatua na kusaidia adjustable resources katika mfumo, baadhi ya wanasayansi wamehitaji kutafuta: overall situational awareness ya source-grid-load; real-time quantitative evaluation ya response capabilities; implementation ya response strategies kutoka kwa group hadi individual; source-grid-load coordinated control technology; na multi-time-scale characteristics ya loads. Utafiti huu unatoa ideas kwa maendeleo ya system dynamic power balance technology kulingana na demand response.

Utafiti wa source-load interaction unahusu vipengele viwili: power flow analysis na optimization technology, na market guidance mechanisms.

Kwenye power flow analysis na optimization technology, teknolojia zilizopo zinapunguza spatiotemporal coupling characteristics na temperature correlation characteristics kutokana na source-load aggregation kwenye power distribution systems, kubadilisha kuwa vigumu kuboresha power flow control accuracy ya new-type power distribution systems na kufanya peak-valley difference smoothing kwenye time scales fupi.

Kwenye market guidance mechanisms, kutokana na time delay ya load response inayohitajika, demand response haiwezi kufanya kazi vizuri kutatua peak-valley difference problem kwenye power distribution systems. Inahitaji kutengeneza deep flexible load control technology kutatua load energy consumption curves kufuata new energy generation curves kwa real time, kufanya real-time source-load balance, kufunga tatizo la peak-valley difference, na kuboresha use rate ya power distribution equipment.

4. DC Power Distribution Technology

Sasa, utafiti wa DC power distribution technology unahusu vipengele vifuatavyo:

4.1 Voltage Sequence and Standardization

Sasa hakuna standard kimataifa uniform kwa DC power distribution voltage level sequences.

Wanasayansi wa kimataifa wamehitaji mikakati mingi za DC voltage level sequence selection kulingana na factors kama power supply capacity, investment costs, DC equipment manufacturing levels, power quality requirements, power distribution economics, na load demand characteristics za scenarios za power distribution typical.