Habuwa Haduwa da Tsarin Yakin Duniya na Biyu na Lissafin Jami'a

Amsa shine ya yi fahimta ta hanyar cikakken abubuwa masu:

• Energy na Gida da Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami

• Tsarin da kuma Abubuwan Da Sune Su A Ciki a System

• Kunshi da Ba Kunshi Ba

• Entropy da Enthalpy

• Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami

Energy na Gida da Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami

Idan energy na zargin system yana haɗa da al'amuran system, maka ake kira Energy na Gida (u).
Energy ba zai faru ko zama, kuma saboda haka, energy na gida (u) take ɗauki idan energy ta sanya ciki a tsari.
Saboda haka, za a iya bayyana kungiyar duka na lissafi a tsarin tadami a haka idan heat/work yake sanya ciki a system.

A cikin tushen da aka bayyana, u shine energy na gida per-unit-mass, kuma q da w sun hada da heat da work per unit mass respectively. Alamar da aka fara a cikin tushen da aka bayyana shine:
dq > 0 (a ɗauka baya) ⇒ Heat transfer to the system
dq < 0 (a ɗauka hasu) ⇒ Heat transfer from the system dw > 0 (a ɗauka baya) ⇒ work done by the system
dw < 0 (a ɗauka hasu) ⇒ work done on the system

Tsarin da kuma Abubuwan Da Sune Su A Ciki a System

Wanda shi ne daya daga muhimman hanyoyi na kungiyar duka na lissafi a tsarin tadami tun da muke samu idan

Muna ƙara tushen da aka bayyana a matsayin cyclic process.

A system yana cewa ce a cyclic process, idan ba ita taka ƙarin ƙwayoyi saboda heat/work kuma yana zo zuwa asalin state.

Abubuwan da suke duba shine:

1. Integration of any state property differential is the difference of its limits.

2. Final state is same as the original state and there is no change in internal energy of the system.

Saboda haka idan

Asalin da kuma tafarin energy na gida a cikin tushen da aka bayyana suna nufin i da f. Saboda haka, idan muna kara ƙara a tushen (1), maka

Tushen (2) yana nufin ƙara tushen da aka bayyana game da abubuwan da aka ƙara a cikin system da kuma net work done by the system is equal to the integral of all heat transfer into the system. Engineering thermodynamics further explores the concepts of systems and processes.

Abubuwan Da Sune Su A Ciki a System

Shi ne daya daga muhimman hanyoyi na kungiyar duka na lissafi a tsarin tadami da ke shiga tushen (1) idan system yana ƙara abubuwan da suke ƙara a cikin ita.

A cikin tushen da aka bayyana, q da w sun hada da net heat transferred da kuma net work for the process respectively, kuma uf da ui sun hada da tafarin da kuma asalin values of internal energy (u). A rigid and isolated adiabatic system (w = 0, q = 0), then its internal energy (u) remains unchanged. Then from eq (2) of a cyclic process.

Kunshi da Ba Kunshi Ba

A system yana cewa ce a ƙara tsari idan asalin state take ɗauki zuwa tafarin state. Abubuwan da kuma pressure, volume, enthalpy, temperature, entropy etc ɗaukan ɗauki a tsarin thermodynamic. Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami yana ƙare abubuwan a matsayin:

• Ideal or reversible processes

• Natural or irreversible processes

Idan variations of temperature (t) and pressure (p) yana ƙarfin a system, wanda yake ƙara tsari, maka tsarin yana iya cewa ta near equilibrium states ko approaching reversibility.
A cewa tsarin yana iya ƙara tsari a kan a reverse direction, maka tsarin yana iya cewa ta internally-reversible.
A cewa environment accompanying the change can also be reversed-in-sequence, maka tsarin yana iya cewa ta externally-reversible.
Reversible-process yana iya cewa ta reversible both internally and externally.
Don samun nasarar abubuwan da suke ƙara a cikin reality, professionals uses reversible process as the measure for comparing and bringing the real and actual processes closer to reversibility by lowering down losses in order to increase the efficiency of the processes.

Ba Kunshi Ba

Idan abubuwan da suke ƙara a cikin reality ba su iya tabbatar da requirements of reversibility, maka abubuwan yana cewa ta irreversible.
A irreversible process, asalin state of the system and surrounding ba su iya zo zuwa asalin state daga tafarin state. Entropy of the system ɗauki sharhu a irreversible process, kuma value ba zai iya zo zuwa asalin value daga tafarin value.
Ba kunshi ba take ƙara saboda variations in pressure, composition, temperature, composition main caused by heat transfer, friction in solid and liquid, chemical-reaction. Professionals are busy in putting their efforts to bring down the effects of irreversibility in processes and mechanisms.

Entropy da Enthalpy

Kamar energy na gida, Entropy da Enthaly suna cikin properties na thermodynamic. Entropy yana nufin s, kuma ɗaukantar entropy Δs a kJ/kg-K. Entropy yana nufin state of disorder. Entropy yana shiga kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami wanda yake bayyana ɗaukantar entropy a cikin system and surrounding with respect to Universe.
Entropy yana nufin ratio heat transfer to the absolute temperature in a system for a reversible thermodynamic path.

Where, qrev denotes heat transfer along a reversible path.
Enthalpy (h) is the property of state and is defined as,

Where, h is specific Enthalpy, u is specific internal energy, v is specific volume, p is the pressure.
From, equation (1)

Therefore

By differentiating the eq (4) and substituting it in above equation, then

Both of above equations are related to changes in entropy for reversible processes on account of changes in internal energy and volume in former and to change in enthalpy and pressure in later equation.
Since all quantities in these two equations are state properties, thus entropy is also a thermodynamic property.

Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami

Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami yana shiga bayan limits a universe in terms of What universe can do. 2nd Law is more about dealing with inefficiencies, decay and degeneration.
We do activities in our day-to-day life which are by nature involves inefficient and irreversible processes.
2nd law of thermodynamics can be more conveniently expressed with respect to entropy:
Entropy defined as infinitesimal-change in entropy of a system (dS) is ratio of measured quantity of heat that has entered in to the closed system (dqrev) and the common temperature (T) at the point where the heat transfer took place.

Kungiyar Duka na Lissafi a Tsarin Tadami yana nufin "Entropy change is considered as non negative".
OR
Universe energy is gradually moving towards the state of disorder

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