Kategorizaciya na Sistemin Da Baka Ƙarshen Kirkiro Na Noma
Sistem jikin kuli na karamin kasa ana kategoriyar da sa suka duka wa uku abubuwa: kawo, sarki, da koyar. Kuli na karamin kasa yana samun a cikin mazauna, wanda ba ake zama a cikin wurare da ake bukata. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da kungiyoyin sarki don in koyar kuli zuwa wurare.
Don in kammala koyar da kungiyoyin sarki, an yi amfani da kuli mai tsarin kashi guda a kungiyoyin sarki, kuma an tashir shi a wurare. Systemin koyar ta koyar wannan kuli zuwa masu amfani.
Abubuwan Systemin Koyar Kuli na Karamin Kasa
Systemin koyar zai iya kategorizawa da al'amuran:
Kategorizawa Da Na'urin Koyar
Kuli na karamin kasa ana biyu abubuwa: AC da DC. Systemin koyar tana danganta da wannan abubuwa. Systemin koyar AC tana zama da tsarin kashi guda:
Shakalin da take nuna systemin koyar primary tana bayyana rolin a koyar kuli a tsari mai kashi guda idan kafin kashi lage.
Systemin koyar secondary yana koyar kuli zuwa tsari mai amfani. Yana faru a kan inda systemin koyar primary yake koyar—ta haka a kan transformer da ke kashi 11 kV zuwa 415 V don koyar kuli zuwa masu amfani masu yawan koyar.
Yawan transformers a wannan yanayin suna da primary winding da take habaka da delta da secondary winding da take habaka da star, wanda ya ba amsa da neutral terminal da take gudanar. Wannan tsari ya ba amsa da systemin koyar secondary da take yi amfani da sabon kungiyar three-phase four-wire.
Shakalin da take nuna systemin koyar secondary tana bayyana cewa kashi tana canzawa don amfani.
Systemin Koyar DC
Idan yawan masu amfani suka bukatar kuli DC, za a yi amfani da systemin koyar DC. A wannan lokacin, kuli AC da ake samu zai canza zuwa DC tare da rectifiers ko rotary converters. Abubuwan da ake yi amfani da kuli DC sun haɗa traction systems, DC motors, battery charging, da electroplating.
Systemin koyar DC tana kategorizawa da na'urin habaka:
Two-Wire DC Distribution System
Wannan sistemi tana yi amfani da biyu wires: wata a tsari mai kashi guda (live wire) da wata a tsari mai kashi lage ko zero potential. Loads (misali, lamps ko motors) suka habaka zuwa parallel bayan biyu wires, wanda ya yi amfani da devices da suka da biyu-terminal configurations. Shakalin da take nuna wannan setup tana bayyana cewa.
Three-Wire DC Distribution System
Three-Wire DC Distribution System
Wannan sistemi tana yi amfani da uku wires: biyu live wires da wata neutral wire, wanda ya ba amsa da biyu tsari. Idan live wires suna cikin +V da -V, da neutral a zero potential. Ina habaka load bayan wata live wire da neutral zai bayar V volts, idan koyar across both live wires zai bayar 2V volts.
Wannan tsari ya ba amsa da high-voltage loads zuwa live wires da low-voltage loads zuwa live wire da neutral. Shakalin da take nuna connection diagram for a three-wire DC distribution system tana bayyana cewa.
Kategorizawa Da Na'urin Habaka
Systemin koyar tana kategorizawa da uku abubuwa da na'urin habaka:
Systemin Radial
A cikin systemin radial, feeders masu faɗa sun koyar kuli zuwa wurare, tare da kuli yana koyar unidirectionally zuwa distributor. Wannan design tana fiye da ake yi amfani, tare da lafiya mai karin aiki a gaba da wasu systems.
Amma, ingantaccen amincewar tana ci gaba: ife a cikin wata feeder zai iya kwallon koyar kuli zuwa duk wurare. Regulation da kula tana ci gaba har zuwa masu amfani da suka dace da feeder, saboda load fluctuations zai iya ba da kula variations. Saboda haka, systemin radial tana yi amfani kawai zuwa short-distance distribution zuwa masu amfani da suka dace da feeder. Single-line diagram of the radial system tana bayyana cewa.
Systemin Ring Main
A cikin systemin ring main, distribution transformers suka habaka zuwa closed-loop configuration, tare da substation da ke koyar zuwa from one end. Wannan design tana ba amincewar da redundancy da reliability. Single-line diagram of the ring main system tana bayyana cewa.
Wannan configuration tana kasance biyu feeders connected in parallel. Misali, idan fault yana faru bayan points B da C, segment bayan B da C zai iya kwallon koyar kuli zuwa system, da substation zai koyar power through two alternative routes.
Wannan design tana ba amincewar, kamma kula fluctuations at the consumer end, da kuma koyar kuli zuwa each loop segment carrying a lower current—thus requiring less conductor material compared to the radial system.
Systemin Interconnected Distribution
Systemin interconnected distribution tana yi amfani da loop supplied by multiple substations at different points, wanda ya samu sunan "grid distribution system." Single-line diagram of this system tana bayyana cewa.
Kamar yadda ake nuna a cikin diagram, loop ABCDEFGHA tana koyar kuli zuwa biyu substations at points A and E. Wannan configuration tana ba amincewar da cikakken system compared to both ring main and radial systems.
Idan systemin interconnected tana ba amincewar da cikakken power quality and efficiency—even reducing reserve power capacity—design tana fiye da ake yi amfani da lafiya mai karin aiki saboda need for multiple substations.
Kategorizawa Da Na'urin Bini
Underground Distribution System
Kamar yadda ake nuna, wannan sistemi tana yi amfani da conductors beneath streets or sidewalks. Wannan tana fiye da ake yi amfani saboda initial costs due to trenching, conduits, manholes, and specialized cables. Underground cables tana ci gaba faults da kuma tana ba amincewar da aesthetics (invisibility), amma fault detection and repair tana fiye. Lifespan tana yawan 50 years.
Overhead Distribution System
Conductors tana habaka zuwa wooden, concrete, or steel poles a cikin wannan setup. Wannan tana ci gaba faults and safety hazards than underground systems, amma tana da initial costs da greater flexibility for load expansion. Air tana yi amfani da insulation medium, eliminating the need for special cables and allowing higher current-carrying capacity. Installation, fault location, and repair tana fiye, keeping maintenance costs low—though it may interfere with communication systems. Lifespan tana yawan over 25 years.
