Vipimo vya Superconductors

Vitambulisho vya superconducting vinavyotumika vina mambo yasiyofaa yanayowezesha kutumika katika teknolojia ya kisasa. Utafiti bado unafanyika ili kuelewa na kutumia mambo yasiyofaa haya ya superconductors katika maeneo tofauti ya teknolojia. Mambo yasiyofaa hayo ya superconductors yameorodheshwa chini:

1. Electric Resistance sifuri (Infinite Conductivity)

2. Meissner Effect: Upindezaji wa magnetic field

3. Critical Temperature/Transition Temperature

4. Critical Magnetic Field

5. Persistent Currents

6. Josephson Currents

7. Critical Current

Electric Resistance sifuri au Infinite Conductivity

Katika hali ya superconducting, chombo cha superconducting kinachotokea kinachohitaji electric resistance sifuri (infinite conductivity). Wakati sampuli ya chombo cha superconducting kimechillishwa chini ya critical temperature/transition temperature, resistance yake inapungua mara moja kuwa sifuri. Kwa mfano Mercury kinatoa electric resistance sifuri chini ya 4k.

Meissner Effect (Upindezaji wa Magnetic Field)

Superconductor, wakati umechillishwa chini ya critical temperature Tc), anapindeza magnetic field na hawapandiki magnetic field kuingia ndani yake. Hii mtazamo katika superconductors inatafsiriwa kama Meissner effect. Meissner effect imeonyeshwa kwenye picha chini-

Critical Temperature/Transition Temperature

Critical temperature ya chombo cha superconducting ni joto linalopita wakati chombo kinabadilika kutoka hali ya normal conducting state hadi superconducting state. Hii mabadiliko kutoka hali ya normal conducting state (phase) hadi superconducting state (phase) ni haraka na kamili. Mabadiliko ya mercury kutoka hali ya normal conducting state hadi superconducting state imeonyeshwa kwenye picha chini.

Critical Magnetic Field

Hali ya superconducting ya chombo cha superconducting hupungua wakati magnetic field (chini ya external au iliyotokana na current inayosoka superconductor mwenyewe) inapanda zaidi ya thamani fulani na sampuli huanza kufanya kama conductor wa kawaida. Thamani hii ya magnetic field zaidi ya ambayo superconductor hurejea kwenye hali ya kawaida, inatafsiriwa kama Critical magnetic field. Thamani ya critical magnetic field inategemea joto. Wakiwa joto (chini ya critical temperature) linalopungua thamani ya critical magnetic field inapanda. Mabadiliko ya critical magnetic field na joto imeonyeshwa kwenye picha chini-

Persistent Current

Ikiwa ring gani uliyoundwa kutumia superconductor imewekwa kwenye magnetic field juu ya critical temperature, sasa ichillishwe chini ya critical temperature na sasa tukirejeshe magnetic field current itaundwa kwenye ring kutokana na self-inductance yake. Kwa Lenz law mhusika wa huu current inayoungwa ni kuhakikisha hutoa ukiparamu wa flux unaopita kwenye ring. Kama ring ina hali ya superconducting (electric resistance sifuri), current inayoungwa itaendelea kukusuka hii current inatafsiriwa kama persistent current. Hii persistent current hutengeneza magnetic flux ambayo huchangia magnetic flux unaopita kwenye ring kuwa salama.

Josephson Current

Ikiwa superconductors wawili wamekutana na thin film of insulating material, ambayo huunda low resistance junction, inapatikana kuwa cooper pairs (zilizoundwa na phonon interaction) za electrons, zinaweza kutunnel kutoka upande mmoja wa junction hadi upande mwingine. Current, kutokana na flow ya cooper pairs hizi, inatafsiriwa kama Josephson Current.

Critical Current

Wakati current inapita kwenye conductor aliyokuwa hali ya superconducting, magnetic field hutengenezwa. Ikiwa current inapanda zaidi ya thamani fulani magnetic field inapanda hadi thamani ya critical ambayo conductor hurejea kwenye hali yake ya kawaida. Thamani hii ya current inatafsiriwa kama critical current.

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