Maidugwari: Tashar Ma'anar, Abubuwa da Manufa
An kabilar da dukkan shine mutanen da ya gaji masu kula da harshe mai kyau. Kabiluwar da dukkan suka fi shi da tarihi, kamar koper, silver, gold, aluminum, da iron. Su na da manyan electrons mai zama da za su iya yin gaji da harshe mai kyau idan an yi amfani da harshe mai dukkan. Kabiluwar da dukkan suka amfani a matsayin karfin kula, cables, circuits, da wasu abubuwa da suke bar kula.
Me ke Kabiluwar Da Dukkan?
Kabiluwar da dukkan shine mutum ko tarihin mutanen da ya ba a gajin kula a wata ko bili. Mutanen da suka fi shi da tarihi suna cikin kabiluwar da dukkan, saboda tarihi suna da gajin kula mai kyau da takardun kula mai basa.
Kabiluwar da dukkan suka ba electrons su iya gaji bayan atoms tana cikin tarihi na gajin kula ta conduction band. Conduction band shine energy level inda electrons suke iya gaji da harshe mai kyau a cikin tarihi. Kabiluwar da dukkan ya faru ne atoms da suka fi electrons mai valence da suke fito da harshe mai dukkan ko thermal effect. Idan electron ya gaji daga valence band zuwa conduction band, ya bace positive hole wanda ya iya bar kula.
Kabiluwar da dukkan zai iya kasance tarihi, alloys, electrolytes, ko wasu tarihi mai lafiya kamar graphite da conductive polymers. Wadannan tarihi suka ba electricity (ya'ni, gajin kula) su iya gaji bayan su da harshe mai kyau.
Yadda Kabiluwar Ya Gaji Kula?
Kula a cikin kabiluwar shine rate of flow of charge through a cross-section of the conductor. Kula ya taimaka da harshe mai dukkan da gajin kula tana taimaka. Harshe mai dukkan ya faru ne da voltage across the conductor. Gajin kula shine measure of how easily the material allows charge to flow through it.
Idan potential difference ya faru a cikin kabiluwar, electrons a conduction band suka samu energy kuma suka bazu daga terminal mai haske zuwa terminal mai ranar. Yawan kula shine maki a hagu da yawan electrons, saboda kula an define as the flow of positive charge. Electrons suka taba atoms da wasu electrons a cikin kabiluwar, wanda ya haɗa takardun kula da heat generation. Takardun kula shine measure of how much the material opposes the flow of charge through it.
Kula a cikin kabiluwar ya taimaka da wasu abubuwa, kamar:
Potential difference across the conductor
The length and cross-sectional area of the conductor
Temperature and composition of the material
Presence of impurities or defects in the material
Wasu Abubuwan Kabiluwar Da Dukkan?
Wasu abubuwan kabiluwar da dukkan shine:
Su na da gajin kula mai kyau da takardun kula mai basa
Su na da manyan electrons mai zama a conduction band
Ba su da energy gap bayan valence band da conduction band
Su na da metallic bonds wanda suka faru lattice of positive ions surrounded by an electron cloud
Ba su na da electric fields da charge density a cikin su
Free charges suka da su only on their surface
Su na da electric field perpendicular to their surface
Wasu Abun Kabiluwar Da Dukkan?
Kabiluwar da dukkan zai iya faɗinsu da ohmic response, wanda shine yadda su taƙara Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law states that the current in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it and inversely proportional to its resistance.
Ohmic Conductors
Ohmic conductors are materials that follow Ohm’s law for any potential difference and temperature. They have a linear relationship between voltage and current, which means their resistance is constant. Most metals are ohmic conductors at normal conditions.
Examples: Silver, copper, aluminum, iron, etc.
Non-Ohmic Conductors
Non-ohmic conductors are materials that do not follow Ohm’s law for any potential difference or temperature. They have a nonlinear relationship between voltage and current, which means their resistance varies with the applied voltage. Non-ohmic conductors may exhibit negative resistance, where the current decreases as the voltage increases, or positive resistance, where the current increases as the voltage increases, but not proportionally. Some non-ohmic conductors may also have a threshold voltage, below which no current flows.
Solid Conductors
Solid conductors are materials that have a fixed shape and volume. They can be further divided into metallic and non-metallic conductors.
Metallic conductors: These are metals or metal alloys that have high conductivity and low resistivity. They have a lattice structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of free electrons. Some examples of metallic conductors are silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, brass, bronze, etc.
Non-metallic conductors: These are non-metals that have some free electrons or ions in their structure. They have lower conductivity and higher resistivity than metals. Some examples of non-metallic conductors are graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.
Liquid Conductors
Liquid conductors are materials that have no fixed shape but a fixed volume. They can be further divided into metallic and non-metallic conductors.
Metallic conductors: These are metals that are in a liquid state at room temperature or when heated. They have high conductivity and low resistivity. They have a similar structure to solid metals but with more interatomic spacing and mobility. An example of a metallic liquid conductor is mercury.
Non-metallic conductors: These are liquids that contain dissolved ions or molecules that can carry a charge. They have lower conductivity and higher resistivity than metals. They have a structure of polar or ionic solutes in a solvent. Some examples of non-metallic liquid conductors are salt water, acid solutions, electrolytes, etc.
Abubuwan Da Sune Muhimmanci Don Gajin Kabiluwar Da Dukkan
Gajin kabiluwar da dukkan ya taimaka da wasu abubuwa, kamar:
