What is Ground Fault and Earth Fault？

What is a Ground Fault and an Earth Fault?

Ground Fault:

A ground fault occurs when an unintended connection (fault) develops between a live conductor and the ground or neutral point. In such a fault, the current flows directly to the ground. This can happen in various forms, such as a single line-to-ground fault (L-G), double line-to-ground fault (LL-G), or three line-to-ground fault (LLL-G).

Ground faults are particularly severe because they can result in a large magnitude of fault current. If not cleared promptly within the specified time, this high current can cause significant damage to power system equipment, including transformers, cables, and switchgear. Therefore, rapid detection and isolation of ground faults are critical for system protection and safety.

Note:

The ground point must be properly connected to the source and effectively grounded. Additionally, when a live conductor comes into contact with the ground (e.g., falls to earth), it creates an unintended path to ground. This condition is typically referred to as an earth fault—a type of open-circuit or leakage fault where current flows from the conductor into the earth.

Causes of Ground Faults:

• Insulation failure: Degradation or loss of dielectric properties in insulation due to aging, overheating, or contamination.
• Physical damage to underground cables: Mechanical damage during excavation or construction, or water ingress into cable trenches, leading to insulation breakdown.
• Cable overload: Excessive current causing overheating, which may melt or sever the conductor, allowing it to contact the ground.
• Natural disturbances:
  • Trees falling onto power lines.
  • Water accumulation or flow over insulators, causing flashover.
  • Animals or birds simultaneously touching a live conductor and a grounded structure, creating a conductive path.

Protection Against Ground Faults:

To safeguard the power system, protective relays are employed to detect abnormal conditions and initiate tripping of the associated circuit breaker.

Instrument transformers—such as Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs)—are used to measure system current and voltage, respectively. These signals are fed to protective relays, which compare the measured values against pre-set thresholds.

If the current or voltage exceeds the preset limit, the relay activates, sending a trip signal to the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section and clear the fault.

Common relays used for ground fault protection include:

• Current-based relays:
  • Overcurrent Relay
  • Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
  • Earth Fault Relay
• Voltage-based relays:
  • Overvoltage Relay
  • Overfluxing Relay

Earth fault:

An earth fault is a type of open-circuit fault that occurs when a current-carrying cable or conductor breaks and comes into contact with the earth or with a conductive material that is in contact with the earth. In such a scenario, under radial power flow conditions, the load end of the system becomes disconnected from the source.