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Pêşnûmîna

Fiber optîk ek hatên zêde û pêvajbûrî yên di şîşeyan (silika) an plastik de çêkirin, ku ji bo derbarê daneyên nûrî (nûra) tayyar kirin. Heseke li ser biniyê xwe, fiber optîk bi herî rast dikare piçûk be li vir heseke malê.

Bi daxwazî tegeha, fiber optîk wekî waveguide werke, ku derbarê daneyên elektromagnetîk û nûra di frekanseyên optîk de ênabekirin. Ev property yekane bi rêjeya efektiv û xasîn derbas ênabekirina agahiyên di beraya derdistan de, ev da jî vebijarka teknolojiyên alîkarên modern e.

Rûndamîna Fiber Optîk

Fiber optîk esasiyan di du komponentên keyî de cih edin: core û cladding. Core, structûr dielectric cylinderî ku ji şîşe ve çêkirin, ji bo derbarê nûra pêşniyariyê were tayyar kirin. Di vê navcheyê navend de nûrayên optîk derbarin, bi serbexsherên total internal reflection. Cladding, ki di plastik de çêkirin, di navenda core de ne. Cladding rolê girîng a di heqda nûra di core de bike, bi rêjeya ku nûrayên optîk bi destpêk û di derdistanên derdî de bikin bêtir û xasîn derbas.

Şekla li jor taybetîya rûndamîna fiber optîkê, bi serbexsherên layerên distinct ya core û cladding û rolan û herduşevan di uperînê efektiv nûra.

Details of Structure and Functionality

Her dema fiber optîk di jacket elastic de encased ye, ku ji bo layer protective were tayyar kirin. Jacket divê fiber ji zaraven fizîkî, factorên envîronmentî û stress mekanîkî bêsafin, bi rêjeya ku integritiya wê di dema installation, operation û handling de bêtir bibe.

Digerê ku cladding di fiber optîk de direkta ne jî werdigire ku nûrayên nûra derbar bikin; tu nûra bi tenê core derbar dike. Lakin, kombinasyon core û cladding ênabekirina xasîn derbas ênabekirina nûra. Ji ber ku difera refractive index û cladding core dike, ênabekirina efektiv nûra di fiber de were tayyar kirin. Spesifik, refractive index core pir dibêje refractive index cladding. Ev principle fundamental ênabekirina efektiv nûra di fiber de were tayyar kirin.

Propagation of Light in Optical Fibers

Fiber optîk ji bo derbarê signals di form nûra (photons) were tayyar kirin. Pirsgira lê dike: nûra ji bo fiber optîk dike? Cewab li ser phenomenon total internal reflection ye.

Ji bo nûra di fiber optîk de, di core de derbar dike bi reflections continuous ji cladding. Reflections ev total internal reflections ne, ku di conditions specific de were tayyar kirin. Bi serbexsherên total internal reflection, ev phenomenon li ser nûra di medium higher refractive index (core denser) ji medium lower refractive index (cladding rarer) de bikin di angle of incidence greater than the critical angle de.

Bi angle of incidence ev, nûra ne ji bo cladding refracted bikin, lakin di core de bikin propagation by making successive reflections. Shape cylindrical core, bi diameter small, ênabekirina minimal amount of light reflected away from the core - cladding interface. Ev, li vir, guarantee that the incident angle of the light ray remains consistently greater than the critical angle, enabling the light to be effectively guided along the length of the fiber.

Modes of Propagation in Optical Fibers

Ji bo nûra di fiber optîk de, di core de bi path single or multiple paths bikin. In essence, "modes" of propagation refer to the number of distinct paths that a light ray can take as it travels through the fiber. There are primarily two fundamental modes of propagation in optical fibers:

Single - mode Fiber

Di fiber single - mode de, nûrayên light bi only one path di fiber de derbar dike. Path singular ev ênabekirina signal distortion during the transfer process. Ji ber ku there are no multiple paths for the light rays to travel, integrity of the signal can be maintained over long distances, ensuring high - fidelity communication.

Core fiber single - mode diameter very small, which necessitates the use of a highly focused light beam. Ji ber vê, laser light sources predominantly employed, as they can emit a sharp, coherent beam that can effectively travel through the narrow core without significant divergence or scattering.

Multimode Fiber

Fibers multimode core with a diameter that is considerably larger compared to that of single - mode fibers. This wider core allows light rays to propagate through multiple paths within the core. While this property enables the fiber to carry more light simultaneously, it also increases the likelihood of signal dispersion and attenuation. Signal dispersion occurs as different light rays traveling along various paths within the core arrive at the destination at slightly different times, blurring the signal. Attenuation, or the weakening of the signal, is also more pronounced in multimode fibers due to factors such as scattering and absorption within the larger core. However, the broader core diameter provides the advantage of accommodating several propagating paths for light waves, making it suitable for applications where simplicity and lower cost are prioritized over extremely long - distance, high - bandwidth transmission.

What are Glass Fibers?

Glass is an amorphous solid characterized by its hardness, transparency, and brittleness. It is created through the process of melting a combination of materials and then rapidly cooling (quenching) them. Unlike crystalline solids, glass does not have a well - defined, regular molecular structure. Instead, its molecules are arranged in a disordered, arbitrary pattern.

Glass possesses a unique characteristic: altering its material composition leads to corresponding changes in its properties. This malleability in properties makes glass a versatile material, especially when it comes to crafting optical fibers with tailored performance attributes.

Advantages of Optical Fiber

• Distortion - Resistant Signal Transmission: Optical fibers facilitate the propagation of lightwaves, enabling signals to be transmitted with remarkable immunity to distortion. This ensures that the integrity of the information being conveyed remains intact, even over extended distances.

• Secure and Long - Range Communication: These fibers provide a secure means of transmitting data over long distances. The nature of lightwave transmission within the fiber confines the signal, reducing the risk of interception and interference, making it ideal for applications where data security is paramount.

• Extended Lifespan: Compared to other types of transmission cables, optical fibers have a significantly longer service life. Their durability and resistance to wear and tear contribute to their ability to maintain reliable performance over an extended period, minimizing the need for frequent replacements.

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber

• High Installation and Maintenance Costs: The initial installation and ongoing maintenance of optical fiber systems can be relatively expensive. This includes the cost of specialized equipment, skilled labor for installation, and regular upkeep to ensure optimal performance.

• Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Due to their fragile nature, optical fibers require enhanced protection from environmental conditions. Exposure to physical stress, extreme temperatures, moisture, and other environmental elements can potentially damage the fibers and disrupt signal transmission.

• Requirement for Repeaters: While optical fibers can transmit signals over long distances with minimal distortion, the use of repeaters is often necessary during signal transmission. These repeaters amplify and regenerate the signal to compensate for any degradation that occurs over distance, adding to the complexity and cost of the overall system.

Optical fibers are commonly fabricated from silica due to its superior operating characteristics. Silica is a chemically stable material, which allows it to withstand harsh environmental conditions without significant degradation. Its stability and optical properties make it the material of choice for optical communication applications, ensuring reliable and efficient signal transmission.