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Zai ake da Electrical Resistor?

Resistor (ko kuma ake kira electrical resistor) yana nufin abu na biyu na farko elementi na farko na gida wanda ke bayar da zahiri na elektrik ga zama'ar da take. Zahiri shi ne koyar da zama'a a cikin resistor. Yawancin zahiri a cikin resistor, yawancin koyar da zama'. Akwai kungiyoyi da dama na resistor, kamar thermistor.

A cikin sauyin elektriki da elektroniki, mulkin mafi yawan resistor shine zuwa zama', ya'ni zama'ar elektriki. Saboda haka ana kiran shi 'yan 'resistor'.

Resistors suna cikin elementi na farko. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba su iya bayar da energy zuwa sauyin, amma suke jirgin energy da suke kawo ta a cikin formi na jiki idan an yi zama'ar a cikinsu.

An yi amfani da resistors daban-daban a cikin sauyin elektriki da elektroniki don zaɓe zama'ar ko kawo dropout voltage. Resistors suna cikin manyan values na zahiri daga fractions of Ohm (Ω) zuwa millions of Ohms.

Karamin ohm’s law, voltage (V) a cikin resistor yana da alaka mai tsayawa waɗanda zama'ar (I) ke fitowa a cikinsu. Inda resistance R yana da alaka mai tsayawa.

Zai ake da Resistor?

A cikin hanyar kula da kula mai elektronika, ana amfani da mafi yawa don kawo da kuma tattara hanyoyin kula, gaba fadin kula, tsara shirye-shiryen sinal, baka abubuwa masu aiki, wajen hada da sauransu, daggada.

Misali, akwai mafi yawa da dama suna samun da suke don kawo da hanyoyin kula ta diyodyotan mai fitaccen ronkii (LED). Misalai na biyu za a bayyana a nan.

Karfin Bincike Daga Faduwar Fadin Kula

Wani cikin hanyar bincike yana iya haɗa da mafi yawa da kuma kapasita suna samun da suke don bincike thyristor don kawo da ci gaba da faduwar fadin kula a kan thyristor. Wannan ya zama cikin hanyar bincike da ake amfani da ita don bincike thyristor daga faduwar fadin kula mai girma.

Duk da haka, ana amfani da mafi yawa don bincike diyodyotan mai fitaccen ronkii (LED) daga faduwar fadin kula. LED suna bukatar kayan aiki da kula mai girma, saboda haka za su iya lalace idan ba a yi amfani da mafi yawa don kawo da hanyoyin kula ta LED.

Bayar Fadin Kula Daidai Don Samun Faduwar Fadin Kula

Kullum daga cikin abubuwan hanyar kula, misali, ronki ko sakamakon, ana bukatar fadin kula mai kyau. Saboda haka, ana amfani da mafi yawa don bayar fadin kula daidai don samun faduwar fadin kula a kan abubuwan hanyar kula.

Na wani shi da ake bincike electrical resistance (Resistor Units)?

Unit SI na resistor (wanda ake bincike electrical resistance) shine Ohm kuma ana nufin ta da Ω. Unit ohm (Ω) an sanya a cikin sunan wanda ya yi karfin addinin kimiyyar da ilimin lissafi Georg Simon Ohm.

A cikin system SI, ohm yana iya zama 1 volt per ampere. Saboda haka,

$\begin{align*} 1\,\,Ohm = 1 \frac{Volt}{Ampere} \end{align*}$

Saboda haka, resistor tana bincika a volts per ampere.

Resistors tana gina da kuma nuna a matsayin fadada irin abubuwa. Saboda haka, unit da aka gina daga resistors suna nuna daidai a matsayin abubuwan da suka nuna kamar milliohm (1 mΩ = 10-3 Ω), kiloohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω) da megaohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω), etc.

Sinan Resistor na Circuit Electrical

Akawo biyu na circuit symbols da ake amfani da su wajen electrical resistors. Wani mafi yawan symbol na resistor shine zig-zag line wanda ake amfani da ita a North America.

Wani symbol na resistor shine rectangle mai tsarki wanda ake amfani da ita a Europe da Asia, kuma wannan shine international resistor symbol.

Symbol na circuit resistor kamar yadda ake nuna a nan a tunanin.

企业微信截图_1710134355893.png — Alama na Resistor

企业微信截图_1710134362141.png — Alama na Resistor

Resistors da Series da kuma Parallel

Formula na Resistors a Series

A cikin karkashin yanzu, an nuna mafi girman resistors n da suka shiga series.

Idan duwa ko ziyarta resistors suna shiga series, maka equivalent resistance ta resistors da suke shiga series ya zama sum of their individual resistances.

Mathematically, wannan ya tabbata a haka

$\begin{align*} R_e_q_. = R_1 + R_2 + ........ + R_n \end{align*}$

$\begin{align*} R_e_q_. = \sum_{i=1}^{n} R_n \end{align*}$

A cikin zaka da karamin tashar ra'ayi, kwayoyin da ke gudana a kan karamin tashar ra'ayi yana daya (yani, kwayoyin da ke gudana a kan karamin tashar ra'ayi yana daya).

Misali

Kamar yadda aka bayar a wasan hanyar, karamin tashar ra'ayi uku, 5 Ω, 10 Ω, da 15 Ω, suka gudanar da karamin tashar ra'ayi. Samun karamin tashar ra'ayi na biyu.

Jawabi:

Bayanai: $R_1 = 5 \,\,\Omega, R_2 = 10 \,\,\Omega$ da $\,\,R_3 = 15 \,\,\Omega$

Daga rumu,

$\begin{align*} \begin{split} & R_e_q_. = R_1 + R_2 + ........ + R_n \\ & = 5 + 10 + 15 \\ & R_e_q_.= 30\,\,\Omega \end{split} \end{align*}$

Saboda haka, muna samu matsayin tushen kammali na aikinsa masu tsari 30 Ω.

(karamin bayanar da zai iya ba, wani takaitaccen rubutu a cikin diagramin aiki yana ce 25 Ω. Wannan shi ne takaito, daga baya amsa daidai ita ce 30 Ω)

Formular da Masu Aiki na Aikinsa Mafi Tsari

Diagramin da ake fitowa a nan ya bayyana aikinsu n masu aiki na aikinsa mafi tsari.

Idan kuma aikinsu biyu ko kadan suna aiki na aikinsa mafi tsari, maka tushen kammali na aikinsu na aikinsa mafi tsarina aikinsa mafi tsari yana da muhimmanci a matsayin kammalawa daga jumla na kammalawa daga aikinsu daban-daban.

Mathematically, this is expressed as

$\begin{align*} \frac{1}{R_e_q_.} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + ........ + \frac{1}{R_n} \end{align*}$

$\begin{align*} R_e_q_. = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{R_n} \end{align*}$

A cikin mafi girman kammala, fassara na aiki daɗi a kan girmamai ɗaya ɗaya yana ɗauke (yani, fassara na aiki a kan girmamai ɗaya ɗaya ce ta haka).

Girmamai Kirkiro (Misalai Nafar Kwamfuta)

Girmama Tabbatar Fassara na LED

Tabbatar fassara na aiki ita ce mai kyau a nan LED. Idan fassara na aiki yana zama da ya fi ƙarin a kan LED, za a tattara. Saboda haka, ana amfani da girmama tabbatar fassara don tabbatar ko kawo fassara na aiki a kan LED.

Girmamai tabbatar fassara suna kunna a cikin kammalin da ake yi a kan LED don tabbatar fassara na aiki a kan LED zuwa uwar da ke daidai. Misali, a cikin hoton da ake bayar, girmama tabbatar fassara an kunna a cikin kammalin da ake yi a kan LED.

Yadda ake Kula Yadda Ake Samun Uwar Girmama Tabbatar Fassara

Idan ake kula uwar girmama tabbatar fassara, ana bukata a samun uku masu siffofin ko abubuwan LED:

Fassara na biyu na LED (daga datasheet)
Fassara na biyu na LED mai muhimmanci (daga datasheet)
VS = fassara na takardun

Fassara na biyu shine fassara da ke buƙaci a yi LED, kuma yana zama da ita daga 1.7 V zuwa 3.4 V, idan ake duba irin LED. Fassara na biyu na LED mai muhimmanci shine fassara na aiki da ke faru a kan LED, kuma yana zama da ita daga 20 mA wajen LED da kullum.

A nan, za a iya kula shaida na manyan gyaran da zai bukata a kan gyara mai tsarki a takaice, tun daga hakan:

$\begin{align*} R = \frac{V_S - V_F}{I_F} \end{align*}$

Daga cikin haka, $V_S$ = Kirkiyar kirkiro

$V_F$ = Kirkiyar farko

$I_F$ = yawan kirkiyar farko mafi yawa

Za a iya duba misal na kula shaida na manyan gyaran da zai bukata a kan gyara mai tsarki a takaice da yadda ake amfani da tsarin da aka bayar.

Manyan Gyaran Mai Tsarki

Manyan gyaran mai tsarki suna da amfani a cikin tsari na logiki a kan jirgin lada don inganta yadda ake fahimta halittuwar sinali.

Ba haka ba, manyan gyaran mai tsarki suna da amfani don inganta yadda ake fahimta halittuwar sinali a matsayin mafi yawa idan ba a baka sinali. Manyan gyaran mai kudeta sun yi aikin da ya dacewa da manyan gyaran mai tsarki, amma suka haifar da sinali a matsayin mafi ƙarin.

Gwargwadon IC da yanzu, microcontrollers, da digital logic gates suna manyan pins na input da output, kuma hakan daga cikin inputs da outputs ya kamata a baka daidai. Saboda haka, ana amfani da pull-up resistors don in taimaka wajen bias da pin na input ta microcontrollers ko digital logic gate zuwa hali da a sani.

Ana amfani da pull-up resistors tare da transistors, switches, buttons, kamar haka, wanda suke koyar da rukunin gwamnati da VCC. Misalai, akwai circuit ta pull-up resistor a cikin hoton da ke kusa.

企业微信截图_17101346272890.png — Circuit ta Pull-up Resistor

企业微信截图_17101346341956.png — Circuit ta Pull-up Resistor

Kamar yadda aka bayyana, idan switch an kwallaye, voltage na input (Vin) a microcontroller ko gate ya zama ground, kuma idan switch an kafa, voltage na input (Vin) a microcontroller ko gate ya kasance zuwa level na voltage na input (Vin).

Saboda haka, pull-up resistor ya iya bias pin na input ta microcontroller ko gate idan switch an kafa. Idan ba a yi pull-up resistor, inputs a microcontroller ko gate za su fuskantar, yana nufin a cikin hali na high impedance state.

Yawan da ma ake amfani da pull-up resistor shi ne 4.7 kΩ, amma zan iya canzawa saboda aiki.

Voltage Drop Across a Resistor

Voltage drop across a resistor is nothing but simply a value of voltage across the resistor. The voltage drop is also known as IR drop.

Kamar yadda ake sanin, resistor shine element na electrical passive wanda ya ba resistance na flow na current. Saboda haka, according to ohm’s law, it will create a voltage drop when the current passes through a resistor.

A cikin kimiyya, yadda tsakiya na gaji a kan tashin tsakiya zai iya bayarwa da,

$\begin{align*} V (Voltage \,\, Drop) = I * R \end{align*}$

Alamun IR Drops (Voltage Drops)

Don samun alamun voltage drops a kan tashin tsakiya, yadda haliyar karamin ruwa ita ce mafi muhimmanci.

Za ka duba tashin tsakiya da R a kan karamin ruwa (I) ya zo daga birnin A zuwa birnin B, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan hoton.

Saboda haka, birnin A ta fi masu rawarka da birnin B. Idan a yi lura daga A zuwa B, V = I R negative, ma'ana -I R (wanda yake, fall in potential). Duk da cewa, idan a yi lura daga birnin B zuwa birnin A, V = I R positive, ma'ana +I R (wanda yake, rise in potential).

Saboda haka, ana san shi cewa alamun voltage drop a kan tashin tsakiya ta tabbatar da haliyar karamin ruwa a kan tashin tsakiya.

Tsarin Kirakira na Tashin Tsakiya

Tsarin Kirakira na Tashin Tsakiya suna amfani da su don bincika masu tsakiya ko resistance value da percentage tolerance da ke tashin tsakiya. Tsarin kirakira na tashin tsakiya suna amfani da bandon kirakira don bincika su.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan hoton, akwai bandon kirakira waɗanda suka fito a kan tashin tsakiya. Daga cikinsu, akwai bandon uku suka fito sabis-sabis, kuma bandon na hudu suka fito wajen fadada ba bandon na uku.

4 band resistor color code — 4 Band Resistor Color Code

Hukumomin biyu daga karkashin zuwa kasa sun nuna ayyuka masu ma'ana, hukumo ta uku na nuna marubuta cikin zimma, da hukumo ta hudu na nuna tsari.

5 band resistor code — 5 Band Resistor Color Code

Tabelan da aka bayar ya nuna ayyuka masu ma'ana, marubuta cikin zimma, da tsari don jihohin adadin hukumomi masu rangin wata.

Muhimmanci:

Hukumo mai ranar da na tsohon kasa yana aiki a kan kasa.
Adadin wata yana aiki daga karkashin zuwa kasa.
Idan ba a gina tsarin tsari, za a taba kafin da hukumo a cikin kasa da ke faruwa da kuma za a yi shi da hukumo ta farko.

Misali (Yadda ake kula Adadin Wata?)

Kamar yadda ake bayar a filayin, wata mai rangin karboni da ake samun rangin harufushi, na biyu da rangin gasar, na uku da rangin dambe, da na hudu da rangin tsohon kasa. Tabbatar da kayan ayyukan wata.

Jawabi:

Daga jamiyar adadin hukumomi masu rangin wata,

Kwakwa	Zafi	Daji	Kwari
5	6	102	${\pm 5}{\%}$

$\begin{align} R = 56 10^2 \Omega \SI{\pm 5}{\%} \,\, \end{align*}$

Don haka, yadda aikataccen mawarun mutum shi ne $5600\,\,\Omega$ tare da ${\pm 5}{\%}$ kadan.

Saboda haka, yadda aikataccen mawarun mutum shi ne a cikin

$5600 + 5 \% = 5600 + 280 = 5880 \,\,\Omega$

$5600 - 5 \% = 5600 - 280 = 5320 \,\,\Omega$

Saboda haka, yadda aikataccen mawarun mutum shi ne a cikin $5880\,\,\Omega$ da $5320\,\,\Omega$ .

Amsa ko Karakter da Koda (RKM Code)

Yana iya zama shi ne cewa mafi girman karkashin rikita suna da damuwa da ba a yi aiki game da koda na lafiya. A lokacin da wannan zai faru, ana amfani da amsa ko karakter don koda kan gyara-gyaran karkashin rikita. Wannan anke aka sani RKM code.

Karakter da ake amfani da su don koda karkashin rikita sun hada da R, K, da M. Idan akwai wata amsa bayan labari biyu, yana aiki a haka kamar alamar duka. Misali, R yana nufin Ohms, K yana nufin Kilo ohms, da M yana nufin Mega ohms. Tuna bayar da misalai.

Zaɓu	Kalmomi na Letta
0.3 Ω	R3
0.47 Ω	R47
1 Ω	1R0
1 KΩ	1K
4.7 KΩ	4K7
22.3 MΩ	22M3
9.7 MΩ	9M7
2 MΩ	2M

Misalci – Kalamu ko Digit Code

Toleransi a bayar da ita kamar

Kyakkyawan	Talaka
F	${\pm 1}{\%}$
G	${\pm 2}{\%}$
J	${\pm 5}{\%}$
K	${\pm 10}{\%}$
M	${\pm 20}{\%}$

Misalai – Resister tare da rubutu:

Na'urar da kuma na'urori

Akawo ne ake da na'urar da kuma na'urori, har yana da muhimmanci da haka da misalai masu amfani a cikin sauki.

Akwai abubuwa biyu na na'urar da kuma na'urori: Na'urar da kiyaye da Na'urar da ba a kiyaye. Duk waɗannan abubuwa suna cikin bayanan da ake baka a nan.

Na'urar da kiyaye

Na'urar da kiyaye su ne mafi amfani a cikin na'urar da kuma na'urori. Ake amfani su da dama a cikin jihohin electronics don inganta da tattauna shirya a cikin jihohin. Abubuwan da ke na'urar da kiyaye suna cikin bayanan da ake baka a nan.

Carbon Composition Resistors (Carbon Resistors)
Carbon Pile Resistors
Carbon Film Resistors
Thermistor (Thermal Resistor)
Wire Wound Resistors
Surface Mount Resistors
Metal Film Resistors
Metal Oxide Film Resistors
Thick Film Resistors
Thin Film Resistors
Foil Resistors
Printed Carbon Resistors
Ammeter Shunts Resistor (Current-Sensing Resistor)
Grid Resistor

Na'urar da ba a kiyaye

Na'urar da ba a kiyaye suna da wata ko kadan na'urar da kiyaye da slider. Wadannan suna ba da sashe uku zuwa element: biyu suka haɗa zuwa na'urar da kiyaye, kuma uku ya fiye ita ce slider. Idan an yi ƙaramin slider zuwa wurare dabam, zan iya gudanar da hanyar na'ura.

Abubuwan da ke na'urar da ba a kiyaye suna cikin bayanan da ake baka a nan.

Resistors da take da yawa
Potentiometers
Variable Resistors (Rheostat)
Resistance Decade Box (Resistor Substitution Box)
Varistors (Non-Linear Resistor)
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or Photoresistor
Trimmers

Wadannan mafi yawan kalmomi na resistors sun hada da:

Water Resistor (Water Rheostat, Liquid Rheostat)
Ballast Resistor
Phenolic Molded Compound Resistor
Cermet Resistors
Tantalum Resistors

Resistors Sizes (Most Common Resistor Values)

Resistors sizes are organized into a set of different series of standard resistor values. In 1952 the International Electrotechnical Commission decided to determine the standard resistance and tolerance values to increase compatibility between components and ease manufacturing of resistors.

These standard values are referred to as the E series of the IEC 60063 preferred number values. These E series are classified as E12, E24, E48, E96, and E192 with 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 with different values within each decade.

The most common resistor values are listed below. It is E3, E6, E12, and E24 standard resistor values.

E3 standard resistor series:

The E3 resistor series are most common resistor values used in electronics industry.

1.0

2.2

4.7

Siriya da ci gaba-gaban E6:

Siriya da ci gaba-gaban E3 ta fi yace da amfani da shi a wajen mafi yawa, kuma tana ba da yawan adadin cikin kayan aiki masu yawa.

1.0	1.5	2.2
3.3	4.7	6.8

Siri na E12 mai yawan kufin daɗi:

1.0	1.2	1.5
1.8	2.2	2.7
3.3	3.9	4.7
5.6	6.8	8.2

请注意，由于原文内容为数字，这些数字在豪萨语中保持不变。因此，表格中的内容无需翻译。

Tsohon zabe ta E24:

1.0	1.1	1.2
1.3	1.5	1.6
1.8	2.0	2.2
2.4	2.7	3.0
3.3	3.6	3.9
4.3	4.7	5.1
5.6	6.2	6.8
7.5	8.2	9.1

Yadda ake kula da jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa ta zama ${\pm 20}{\%}$ , ${\pm 10}{\%}$ , ${\pm 5}{\%}$ , ${\pm 2}{\%}$ , da ${\pm 1}{\%}$ .

Me ke Jiki Mai Gaba-Gaban Mutuwa?

A nan da haka, ana amfani da kayayyakin daban-daban don sake jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa.

Jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa suna da karfi na karkara ko kare-kare, wanda yake tana ba da shawarar aikin zuwa a tsari.
Na biyu da take daɗi daɗi da ma'ana da jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa shine jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa na karkara, wanda yake da muhimmanci a cikin tsarin aikin da suka da takardun kadan.
An amfani da kayayyaki manganin da constantan don sake jiki mai gaba-gaban mutuwa na karkashin tsari saboda suka da muhimmanci a kan karfi na karkara da tafkin karfi na karkara na tsari.
Manganin foil da wire ana amfani a matsayin kafin gina tashar mafi yawan kashi kamar ammeter shunts, saboda manganin ya fi kashi mai yawa ta temperature coefficient resistance.
Nickle-Copper-Manganese alloy ana amfani a matsayin kafin gina tashar mafi yawan kashi kamar wire wound resistors, precision wire wound resistors, etc. Wannan alloy na da muhimmanci: Nickel = 4%; Copper = 84%; Manganese = 12%.

Mata Littattafai na Tashar Mafi Yawan Kashi (Tushen Tashar Mafi Yawan Kashi)

Ga wasu tushen tashar mafi yawan kashi:

Tashar mafi yawan kashi ana amfani a amplifiers, oscillators, digital multi-meter, modulators, demodulators, transmitters, etc.
Photoresistors ana amfani a burglar alarms, flame detectors, photographic devices, etc.
Wire wound resistors ana amfani a shunt with ampere meter inda an bukata hankali, balanci na kontrol ta kashi, da kuma adadin da zai fi inganci.