Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Definition of Digital InstrumentsA digital instrument is a device that displays the value of a measured quantity in the form of digital numbers. It operates on the principle of quantization—the process of converting a continuous input signal into a countable output signal.Digital instruments have a relatively complex structure and are generally more expensive. However, they consume significantly less power compared to analog instruments. Examples include digital multimeters, digital vo

Definition of Analogue InstrumentsAn analogue instrument is defined as a device where the output is a continuous function of time, maintaining a fixed relationship with the input. Physical quantities such as voltage, current, power, and energy are measured using analogue instruments. Most analogue instruments utilize a pointer or dial to indicate the magnitude of the measured quantity.Classification of Analogue InstrumentsThe classification of analogue instruments is based on the type of physica

Analysis of Partial Discharge Principle (1)Under the action of an electric field, in an insulation system, discharge occurs only in some regions and does not penetrate between the conductors with the applied voltage. This phenomenon is called partial discharge. If partial discharge occurs near a conductor surrounded by gas, it can also be called corona.Partial discharge can occur not only at the edge of a conductor but also on the surface or inside an insulator. The discharge occurring on the su

Definition: An energy meter is a device used to measure the electrical energy consumed by an electrical load. Electrical energy refers to the total power consumed and utilized by a load over a specific period of time. Energy meters are used in domestic and industrial AC circuits to measure power consumption. They are relatively inexpensive and accurate.Construction of an Energy MeterThe construction of a single - phase energy meter is shown in the figure below.The energy meter consists of four m

The power which exists in the circuit when the voltage and current are out of phase to each other, such type of power is known as the reactive power. The formula measures the reactive power in the circuitReactive Power Measurement & VarmetersReactive power measurement is critical as it indicates circuit power loss: low reactive power worsens load power factor, increasing system losses. Varmeters (volt-ampere reactive meters) measure reactive power and are categorized by circuit phases: Singl

DefinitionInstruments that utilize a permanent magnet to generate a stationary magnetic field within which a coil moves are known as Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) instruments. They operate on the principle that torque is exerted on a moving coil situated in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. PMMC instruments provide accurate results for direct current (DC) measurements.Construction of PMMC InstrumentThe moving coil and the permanent magnet are the key components of a PMMC instrument

In an electrical power system, various devices are utilized to enhance power factor and operational efficiency. Shunt capacitors and shunt reactors represent two distinct components designed to optimize the performance of electrical grids. This article explores their key differences, beginning with an overview of their fundamental principles.Shunt CapacitorsA shunt capacitor refers to a single capacitor or a group of capacitors (termed a capacitor bank) connected in parallel to the power system.

For long-distance electrical power transmission, the voltage and current levels are extremely high, making direct measurement with conventional meters impossible. Instrument transformers, including current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs), are used to step down these levels to safe magnitudes, enabling measurement with standard meters.What is a Transformer?A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between circuits via mutual induction. It consists of two magn

DefinitionInstruments in which the measured quantity generates physical effects that deflect or displace the moving system are known asdeflection-type instruments. In other words, these instruments use the deflection of a moving component as the basis for measuring electrical quantities, making them suitable for dynamic condition measurements.Deflection-type instruments incorporate opposing effects that counteract the displacement of the moving system. These opposing effects are designed such th

DefinitionA hygrometer is used to measure the humidity in the surrounding environment, where "humidity" refers to the amount of water vapor in a gas. Hygrometers operate on the principle that the physical properties of materials change in response to humidity, enabling measurement.Humidity is classified into two types: Absolute Humidity: Represents the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air. Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual water vapor pressure to the maximum water vapor pressure