Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is an Arc Lamp ?Arc Lamp DefinitionAn arc lamp is an electric lamp that creates light by forming an arc between two electrodes.ConstructionArc lamps have two electrodes in a glass tube filled with an inert gas.Working PrincipleThey work by ionizing the gas, creating an arc that emits light.Types and ColorsDifferent gases produce different light colors; for example, xenon gives white light, neon gives red, and mercury gives bluish light.Applications Outdoor lighting Flashlights in cameras Fl

What is a Tube Light?Tube Light DefinitionA tube light is defined as a fluorescent lamp that operates on the principle of mercury vapor gas discharge to convert ultraviolet light into visible light through a phosphor coating.Material CompositionThe tube light includes electrodes, phosphor coating, mercury, argon gas, and other necessary structural elements to function effectively.Fluorescent Lamp Working PrincipleThe working principle involves ionizing mercury vapor and argon to produce light, i

What is a Fluorescent Lamp?Fluorescent Lamp DefinitionA fluorescent lamp is a low-weight mercury vapor lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.EfficiencyFluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent lamps, with a luminous efficacy of 50 to 100 lumens per watt.Working Principle of Fluorescent LampWhen powered on, a voltage surge ionizes the gas mixture in the tube, causing mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet light, which excites the phosphor coating to produce visible light.Ci

Motor emergency stop circuit

What is Transmittance ?Transmittance DefinitionTransmittance is the ratio of light intensity passing through a material to the light intensity hitting the material’s surface.Transmittance FormulaIt is calculated by dividing the intensity of the light that passes through the object by the intensity of the incident light.Radiant Flux FormulaAnother way to calculate transmittance is by dividing the transmitted radiant flux by the received radiant flux.Absorbance RelationshipAccording to Beer-Lamber

What is Reflectance?Reflectance DefinitionReflectance is defined as the ratio of the radiant flux reflected from a surface to the incident radiant flux, and it is unitless.Types of Reflectance Specular (mirror-like) Diffuse (scattering)Reflectivity DefinitionReflectivity is the property of a material to reflect light or radiation and remains consistent regardless of the material’s thickness.Reflectance MeasurementReflectance can be measured relatively using a reference plate or absolutely by co

What is Radiometry ?Radiometry DefinitionRadiometry is defined as the technique of measuring electromagnetic radiation across all wavelengths, including ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light.Radiant EnergyRadiant Energy (Qe) is the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, while Radiant Flux (ф) is the radiant energy transmitted per unit time.Microwave RadiometryMicrowave radiometry is a method to measure the thermally caused electromagnetic radiation from matter above zero Kelvin, using a

What are the Fresnel Equations?Fresnel Equations DefinitionFresnel Equations describe the ratios of electric fields of reflected and transmitted waves to the incident wave.Light Reflection and TransmissionThese equations explain how light reflects and transmits at the boundary between two different mediums.Polarization type S-Polarization P-PolarizationHistorical InsightAugustin-Jean Fresnel developed these equations, understanding light as a transverse wave.PolarizationsLight polarization can b

DC motor reverse braking circuit controled by button

What is Stroboscopic Motion?Stroboscopic Motion DefinitionStroboscopic motion is defined as a visual phenomenon where continuous rotational motion appears as separate short samples close to the motion’s period.Strobe Light EffectThe strobe light effect occurs when a moving object is illuminated by a fluctuating light source, causing it to appear as if it’s moving differently than it is.Examples of Stroboscopic MotionA car wheel appears to move backward in a film due to stroboscopic motion.Safety