Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is Rise Time?Rise Time DefinitionRise time is defined as the duration it takes for a signal to increase from 10% to 90% of its steady value, indicating how quickly a signal changes.Rise Time FormulaThe rise time formula varies based on the system type.Calculation MethodTo calculate rise time, use the transfer function to determine time constants and calculate the times when the signal reaches 10% and 90% of its final value.Practical MeasurementRise time is typically measured using an oscill

What is a Optical Pyrometer ?Optical Pyrometer DefinitionAn optical pyrometer is a device that measures the temperature of glowing objects by comparing their brightness to a reference light.ConstructionIt is a simple device with a lens, lamp, colored glass, eyepiece, battery, ammeter, and rheostat.Working PrincipleIt operates by matching the brightness of the lamp filament to the brightness of the hot object.CalibrationThe temperature is determined by the ammeter reading when the filament and th

Toxic gas alarm circuit

What are the Characteristics Of Sensor?Sensor DefinitionA sensor is defined as a device that detects and responds to physical input from the environment, converting it into a readable output.Sensor Characteristic Input characteristics Transfer characteristics Output characteristicsRange and SpanThe range is the sensor’s measurable limits, while the span is the difference between the maximum and minimum values it can measure.Accuracy vs. PrecisionAccuracy is the closeness to the true value, while

Sound and light alarm circuit

Simple electronic alarm circuit

What is an Oscillators?Oscillator DefinitionAn oscillator is a circuit that converts direct current from a DC source into a continuous alternating waveform, typically without any external input.Energy DynamicsOscillators maintain their output by converting electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and back, using components like capacitors and inductors.Feedback MechanismsThe sustainability of oscillations in an oscillator circuit is achieved through feedback mechanisms that compensate for e

Homemade mobile phone emergency charger

What is Crystal Oscillator ?Crystal Oscillator DefinitionA crystal oscillator is defined as a device that uses the inverse piezoelectric effect to convert vibrations into stable oscillations.Working PrincipleThe oscillator works by applying an alternating voltage to a crystal, causing it to vibrate at its natural frequency.Circuit DesignCrystal oscillators are designed to operate in series-resonant mode (low impedance) or parallel-resonant mode (high impedance).Frequency StabilityThey offer exce

Light source tracker circuit diagram