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During World war II it became essential to have constant voltage, high capacity, long life battery system for using under extreme tropical condition. The technology of zinc mercuric oxide battery had been known for more than 100 years, but it was first practically used by Samuel Ruben during World war II. Because of its constant and stable voltage characteristics, it is particularly advantageous to use in watches, cameras, and other small electronic devices. It was also used in some early model

Magnesium is used as anode materials in primary battery because of its high standard potential. It is a light metal. It is also easily available being a low-cost metal. Magnesium/manganese dioxide (Mg/MnO2) battery has twice the service life i.e. capacity of the zinc/manganese dioxide (Zn/MnO2) battery of same size. It also can retain its capacity, during storage, even at high temperatures. Magnesium battery is very durable and storable since it always has a protective cover which is naturally f

Before going in detail of this subject i.e. charging and discharging of battery , we will first try to understand what is oxidation and reduction. Because, battery are discharged or charged due to oxidation and reduction reactions.For understanding the theory of oxidation and reduction, we can directly go to an example of chemical reaction. Let us consider the reaction between zinc metal and chlorine.In the above reaction zinc (Zn) first gives up two electrons and becomes positive ions.Here, eac

Construction of Leclanche’ BatteryIn commonly available cylindrical Leclanche’ cell available in the market has following constructional features. A cylindrical can made by thin sheet of zinc, serves as anode and it also holds all other active and electrolyte materials of thebattery.Ideally, zinc used in the battery should be 99.99% pure. Although, the zinc used, for making a container of zinc-carbon battery has 0.03 to 0.06 % of cadmium and 0.02 to 0.04 % of lead. Lead gives the zinc better for

Zinc Carbon BatteryZinc carbon battery is being popularly used during last 100 years. Generally there are two types of zinc carbon battery generally available – Leclanche battery and Zinc chloride battery. Both of these are primary battery. This battery was invented by Goerge Lionel Leclanche in 1866. This was the first battery in which low corrosive electrolyte like ammonium chloride was used. Before that only strong mineral acids were used as electrolyte of battery system.In this battery cell,

Daniell Cell is the modified version of Voltaic Cell. Polarization drawback of Voltaic Cell is overcome in a Daniell Cell and it can be considered as an improved version of Voltaic Cell. Constructionwise Daniell Cell is quite simple.Construction of Daniell CellIt consists of a copper container filled with a concentrated solution of copper sulfate. Inside the container, there is one porous cylindrical pot filled with diluted sulphuric acid, immersed in the concentrated copper sulfate solution. On

Different types of battery with various configurations are available. With the inventions of various new consumer electronic devices, electric vehicles, renewable energy storage needs, space and military applications, battery power nowadays is consumed as food. If we look around us, we find a bunch of batteries hiding inside almost every device we have, wall clocks, mobile phones, laptops, watches, calculators, inverters, hair dryer, trimmers, toys and many more. Batteries make devices portable

A simple voltaic cell is made by immersing one zinc plate and one copper plate inside a water diluted sulfuric acid solution. As shown in the figure, if the copper plate and zinc plate are connected externally with an electrical load, an electric current starts flowing from copper plate to zinc plate through the load. That means there is some electrical potential difference developed between the copper plate and the zinc plate. As the current flows from copper to zinc, it is obvious that the cop