Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is a Power Plant?Power Plant DefinitionA power plant (also known as a power station or power generating station) is an industrial facility for generating and distributing electric power on a large scale.Types of Power Plants Thermal Nuclear HydroelectricThermal Power PlantsUse coal to produce steam that drives turbines to generate electricity.Advantages Fuel used i.e coal is quite cheaper. Initial cost is less as compared to other generating stations. It requires less space as compared to h

What is an Incandescent Lamp?Incandescent Lamp DefinitionAn incandescent lamp is a light source that produces visible light by heating a filament until it glows.Working PrincipleThe lamp works by passing an electric current through a filament, causing it to heat up and emit light.Filament ConstructionThe filament is made of tungsten and is housed in a glass bulb that may be filled with inert gases or vacuum-sealed.Material and EfficiencyTungsten is used for its high melting point and efficiency,

What is an Electric Lamp?Electric Lamp DefinitionAn electric lamp is defined as a light-emitting component used for lighting and indicating purposes in circuits.ConstructionElectric lamps have a tungsten filament inside a transparent glass cover that glows when current flows through it.Voltage RatingThis rating indicates the voltage needed for proper brightness. Exceeding the voltage can damage the lamp.Types of Electric Lamps Edison Screw lamps Miniature Center Contact lamps Small Bayonet Cap l

What is Tunnel Lighting?Tunnel Lighting Design DefinitionTunnel lighting design is about creating a lighting plan that helps drivers’ eyes adjust to the tunnel environment for safety and comfort.Adaptability CriteriaLighting must transition gradually from high to low levels to help drivers’ eyes adjust smoothly when entering or exiting the tunnel.40 m Length RuleThe first 40 meters of a tunnel should be designed to let in daylight and ensure visibility of objects inside.Classification of Inside

What is an Arc Lamp ?Arc Lamp DefinitionAn arc lamp is an electric lamp that creates light by forming an arc between two electrodes.ConstructionArc lamps have two electrodes in a glass tube filled with an inert gas.Working PrincipleThey work by ionizing the gas, creating an arc that emits light.Types and ColorsDifferent gases produce different light colors; for example, xenon gives white light, neon gives red, and mercury gives bluish light.Applications Outdoor lighting Flashlights in cameras Fl

What is a Tube Light?Tube Light DefinitionA tube light is defined as a fluorescent lamp that operates on the principle of mercury vapor gas discharge to convert ultraviolet light into visible light through a phosphor coating.Material CompositionThe tube light includes electrodes, phosphor coating, mercury, argon gas, and other necessary structural elements to function effectively.Fluorescent Lamp Working PrincipleThe working principle involves ionizing mercury vapor and argon to produce light, i

What is a Fluorescent Lamp?Fluorescent Lamp DefinitionA fluorescent lamp is a low-weight mercury vapor lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.EfficiencyFluorescent lamps are more efficient than incandescent lamps, with a luminous efficacy of 50 to 100 lumens per watt.Working Principle of Fluorescent LampWhen powered on, a voltage surge ionizes the gas mixture in the tube, causing mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet light, which excites the phosphor coating to produce visible light.Ci

What is Transmittance ?Transmittance DefinitionTransmittance is the ratio of light intensity passing through a material to the light intensity hitting the material’s surface.Transmittance FormulaIt is calculated by dividing the intensity of the light that passes through the object by the intensity of the incident light.Radiant Flux FormulaAnother way to calculate transmittance is by dividing the transmitted radiant flux by the received radiant flux.Absorbance RelationshipAccording to Beer-Lamber

What is Reflectance?Reflectance DefinitionReflectance is defined as the ratio of the radiant flux reflected from a surface to the incident radiant flux, and it is unitless.Types of Reflectance Specular (mirror-like) Diffuse (scattering)Reflectivity DefinitionReflectivity is the property of a material to reflect light or radiation and remains consistent regardless of the material’s thickness.Reflectance MeasurementReflectance can be measured relatively using a reference plate or absolutely by co

What is Radiometry ?Radiometry DefinitionRadiometry is defined as the technique of measuring electromagnetic radiation across all wavelengths, including ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light.Radiant EnergyRadiant Energy (Qe) is the energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, while Radiant Flux (ф) is the radiant energy transmitted per unit time.Microwave RadiometryMicrowave radiometry is a method to measure the thermally caused electromagnetic radiation from matter above zero Kelvin, using a