U_PP = 2 * U_P
U_RMS = U_P / √2
U_P = Peak (V)
U_PP = Peak-Peak (V)
U_RMS = Root mean square (V)
A tool for converting between peak voltage, peak-to-peak voltage, and RMS value in AC signals, applicable to sinusoidal waveforms.
This calculator helps users convert between Peak, Peak-to-Peak, and RMS voltage values, commonly used in electrical measurements, circuit design, and signal analysis.
RMS → Peak: V_peak = V_rms × √2 ≈ V_rms × 1.414
Peak → RMS: V_rms = V_peak / √2 ≈ V_peak / 1.414
Peak → Peak-to-Peak: V_pp = 2 × V_peak
Peak-to-Peak → Peak: V_peak = V_pp / 2
RMS → Peak-to-Peak: V_pp = 2 × V_rms × √2 ≈ V_rms × 2.828
Peak-to-Peak → RMS: V_rms = V_pp / (2 × √2) ≈ V_pp / 2.828
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Peak | The maximum instantaneous voltage in one cycle of an AC waveform, unit: Volts (V) |
| Peak-to-Peak | The difference between the maximum and minimum voltage values, representing the total swing of the signal |
| RMS | Root-Mean-Squared value, equivalent to the DC voltage that would produce the same heating effect. Mains electricity (e.g., 230V) is specified as RMS |
Household AC voltage RMS = 230 V
Then:
- Peak = 230 × 1.414 ≈ 325.2 V
- Peak-to-Peak = 325.2 × 2 ≈ 650.4 V
Signal generator output Peak-to-Peak = 10 V
Then:
- Peak = 10 / 2 = 5 V
- RMS = 5 / 1.414 ≈ 3.54 V
1. Electrical measurements and instrument calibration
2. Circuit design and component selection
3. Signal analysis and oscilloscope interpretation
4. Academic learning and exams
Peak is the maximum instantaneous voltage deviating from zero in one cycle of an AC signal; Peak-to-Peak is the total difference between the maximum and minimum values, i.e., the sum of positive and negative peaks; RMS (Root-Mean-Squared) is the equivalent DC voltage that would produce the same heating effect. The relationship among the three is: V_peak = V_rms × √2, V_pp = 2 × V_peak.
The 230V household AC is specified as RMS value, and its peak voltage is 230 × √2 ≈ 325.2 V, with a peak-to-peak voltage of approximately 650.4 V. When selecting components such as capacitors, diodes, and insulation materials, the voltage rating must be based on the peak voltage rather than the RMS value; otherwise, the components may be damaged by breakdown at the voltage peak.
No. The conversion relationships in this calculator (such as V_peak = V_rms × √2) apply only to sinusoidal waveforms. For square waves, the peak equals the RMS value; for triangular waves, V_rms = V_peak / √3; for other non-sinusoidal waveforms, the conversion factors must be re-derived based on the specific waveform shape. Please confirm that the signal is sinusoidal before using this calculator.
An oscilloscope directly measures the Peak-to-Peak voltage, which is the total vertical amplitude of the waveform. From the peak-to-peak value, you can derive the peak (divide by 2) and RMS (peak-to-peak ÷ 2√2). In contrast, a multimeter in AC mode typically displays the RMS value. Understanding the difference between the two helps correctly interpret measurement results.
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