Sistemang Hinihigpitan ng Hangin-Solar na Power: Isang Komprehensibong Solusyon sa disenyo para sa mga Aplikasyon na Walang Grid

1. Introduksyon at Background

1.1 Mga Hamon ng mga Systema ng Paghahanda ng Kapangyarihan mula sa Isa Lang Pinagmulan

Ang tradisyonal na independiyenteng sistema ng paghahanda ng kapangyarihan mula sa solar (PV) o hangin ay may mga inherent na kahinaan. Ang paghahanda ng kapangyarihan mula sa solar ay apektado ng mga siklo ng araw at kondisyon ng panahon, habang ang paghahanda ng kapangyarihan mula sa hangin ay nakadepende sa hindi stabil na mapagkukunan ng hangin, na nagreresulta sa malaking pagbabago sa output ng kapangyarihan. Upang masiguro ang patuloy na suplay ng kapangyarihan, kinakailangan ng malaking kapasidad ng mga baterya para sa imbakan at balanse. Gayunpaman, ang mga baterya na madalas na nag-uundergo ng proseso ng pagsasabata at paglilipas ay madaling manatili sa isang estado ng undercharge sa mahabang panahon sa ilalim ng mahigpit na kondisyon ng operasyon, na nagreresulta sa mas maikling totoong serbisyo ng buhay kaysa sa teoretikal na halaga. Mas kritikal pa rito, ang mataas na gastos ng mga baterya nangangahulugan na ang kabuuang lifecycle cost nito ay maaaring lumapit o kahit lampa sa cost ng mga PV modules o wind turbines mismo. Kaya, ang pagpapahaba ng buhay ng baterya at pagbawas ng cost ng sistema ay naging core challenges sa pag-optimize ng independiyenteng mga systema ng kapangyarihan.

1.2 Mahahalagang Advantages ng Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Generation

Ang teknolohiya ng hybrid wind-solar power generation ay epektibong naggagamot sa intermittency ng solo na mapagkukunan ng enerhiya sa pamamagitan ng organic combination ng PV at wind power, ang dalawang renewable na mapagkukunan ng enerhiya. Ang hangin at solar energy ay ipinapakita ang natural complementarity sa oras (araw/gabi, mga panahon): malakas na sikat ng araw sa araw madalas na magkasabay sa potensyal na mas malakas na hangin sa gabi; mabuting solar irradiation sa tag-init maaaring magkasabay sa sapat na mapagkukunan ng hangin sa taglamig. Ang complementarity na ito nagbibigay:

• Significant extension ng effective charging time para sa mga baterya, na binabawasan ang oras na sila ay nasa estado ng undercharged, kaya't lubhang pinapahaba ang buhay ng serbisyo ng baterya.

• Pagbabawas sa kinakailangang kapasidad ng baterya. Dahil ang probabilidad na parehong hangin at solar ay hindi available sa parehong oras ay mababa, ang sistema maaaring madalas na direktang makapagbigay ng kapangyarihan sa load, na nagpapahintulot sa paggamit ng mas maliit na kapasidad ng battery bank.

• Ang mga pag-aaral sa lokal at internasyonal ay napatunayan na ang mga hybrid wind-solar systems ay mas mahusay kaysa sa single-source power generation systems sa parehong reliabilidad ng suplay ng kapangyarihan at lifecycle cost-effectiveness.

1.3 Kahinaan ng Existing Design Methods at Inirerekomendang Solusyon

Ang kasalukuyang disenyo ng sistema ay nakakaharap sa mga hamon. Ang professional simulation software mula sa ibang bansa ay mahal, at ang kanilang core models ay madalas na confidential, na naghahadlang sa malawakang paggamit. Samantala, ang karamihan sa simplified design methods ay hindi sapat—kung hindi sila nagdedependi ng sobra sa meteorological averages na walang detalye, o ginagamit ang linear simplified models na nagreresulta sa limitadong accuracy at mahinang applicability.

Ang solusyon na ito ay layunin na ialok ang isang set ng accurate at practical computer-aided design methodologies upang tugunan ang mga nabanggit na isyu.

II. Komposisyon ng Sistema at Core Technical Models

2.1 Arkitektura ng Sistema

Ang hybrid wind-solar power generation system na idisenyo sa solusyong ito ay isang ganap na independiyenteng off-grid system, walang backup power sources tulad ng diesel generators. Ang core components ay kinabibilangan:

• Power Generation Unit: Wind turbine generators, PV array.

• Energy Storage and Management Unit: Battery bank, charge controller (para sa pagmamaneho ng pagsasabata at paglilipas).

• Protection and Conversion Unit: Diversion load (prevents battery overcharge, protects inverter), inverter (converts DC to AC to meet most load requirements).

• Power Consumption Unit: Load.

2.2 Accurate Power Generation Calculation Models

Upang makamit ang optimized design, kami ay naitatag ang accurate hourly power generation calculation models.

• PV Array Model:

1. Solar Radiation Transposition: Ginagamit ang advanced anisotropic sky diffuse model upang accurately transpose horizontal solar radiation data na in-measure ng weather stations sa irradiance incident sa tilted surface ng PV modules, comprehensive na inaangkin ang direct beam radiation, sky diffuse radiation, at ground-reflected radiation.

2. Module Characteristic Simulation: Ginagamit ang precise physical model upang characterize ang nonlinear output characteristics ng PV modules, fully accounting for the effects of irradiance and ambient temperature on module output voltage and current, ensuring the accuracy of power generation calculations.

• Wind Turbine Model:

1. Wind Speed Correction: Corrects the reference height wind speed from meteorological data to the actual hub height wind speed based on the exponential law governing wind speed variation with height.

2. Power Curve Fitting: Uses a segmented function (different binomial equations for different wind speed intervals) to achieve high-precision fitting of the turbine's actual power output curve, enabling accurate hourly energy calculation based on wind speed data.

2.3 Battery Dynamic Characteristic Model

Ang baterya ay ang core energy storage component, na may dynamically changing states. Ang modelo ay pangunahing nakatuon sa:

• State of Charge (SOC) Calculation: Dynamically simulates the battery's charge and discharge processes based on the relationship between power generation and load consumption at each time step, accurately calculating the remaining capacity, while considering practical factors like self-discharge rate, charging efficiency, and inverter efficiency.

• Charge-Discharge Management: To extend battery life, a reasonable SOC operating range is defined (e.g., limiting the maximum depth of discharge to 50%), and a model correlating float charge voltage with SOC and ambient temperature is established to accurately determine charging conditions.

III. System Optimization and Sizing Methodology

3.1 Power Supply Reliability Indicators

The design prioritizes meeting the user's specified power supply reliability requirements. Key indicators include:

• Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP): The ratio of system outage time to the total evaluation time, intuitively reflecting supply continuity.

• Loss of Load Probability (LLP): The ratio of the load power demand not met by the system to the total demand. This is the most critical core indicator for system optimization design.

3.2 Step-by-Step Optimization Design Process

This solution adopts a systematic optimization process, aiming to minimize the initial investment cost of equipment to find the optimal configuration.

1. Step 1: Optimize PV and Battery Configuration for a Fixed Wind Turbine Capacity

• Core Task: Under the condition that the wind turbine model and quantity are fixed, find the combination of PV module and battery capacities that meets the predetermined reliability indicator (LPSP) and results in the lowest total equipment cost.

• Implementation Method: Through simulation calculations, plot the "balance curve" representing all PV and battery configurations that meet the reliability requirement. Then, using the cost tangent method or computer program screening based on equipment unit prices, determine the unique optimal combination with the lowest cost.

2. Step 2: Global Optimization by Varying Wind Turbine Capacity

• Core Task: Change the wind turbine capacity or number, repeat the optimization process of Step 1, and obtain a series of optimal configurations and their corresponding costs for different wind turbine capacities.

• Final Decision: Compare the total costs of all candidate solutions and select the wind-PV-battery combination with the globally lowest cost as the final optimized system configuration.

3.3 System Performance Simulation and Output

After determining the optimal configuration, the system's annual operation can be simulated hour-by-hour, generating detailed reports including:

• Time Dimension: Hourly battery state of charge, system energy balance.

• Statistical Dimension: Daily/monthly/annual unmet load energy, reliability indicators (LPSP, LLP), wind/solar power generation share, energy surplus and deficit situations, etc.

IV. Conclusion

The optimized design method for hybrid wind-solar power generation systems proposed in this solution, based on comprehensive mathematical models and precise local meteorological data, can uniquely determine the system configuration with the minimum initial equipment investment cost while satisfying specific user electricity demands and power supply reliability requirements. This method effectively addresses the shortcomings of single-source power generation systems, overcomes the limitations of existing design approaches, and provides a powerful tool for the scientific, efficient, and economical design of hybrid wind-solar power generation systems, holding significant value for engineering applications.