Automatic Reclosing Scheme for Transmission SystemsThe automatic reclosing system is a series-connected network designed to reduce operating costs and enhance network reliability. Extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission lines are used to transmit large amounts of power, on the order of thousands of megawatts (MW), and therefore should not be interrupted at all costs. Although faults on these overhead lines are common, the power transmitted through them should not be interrupted for long periods du

In electrical power systems, a bushing is an insulating device that allows an electrical conductor to pass safely through a grounded conductive barrier, as in the case of transformers or circuit breakers. All transformer windings are connected to high-voltage lines, so special attention must be paid to the terminal connections to prevent flashover between the high-voltage terminals and the transformer body. In low-voltage distribution transformers, cable connections are made within a terminal bo

Working Principle of Rectifier TransformersThe working principle of a rectifier transformer is the same as that of a conventional transformer. A transformer is a device that converts AC voltage based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Typically, a transformer consists of two electrically isolated windings—the primary and secondary—wound around a common iron core. When the primary winding is connected to an AC power source, the alternating current generates a magnetomotive

1.Common Faults and Diagnostic Measures1.1 Transformer Oil Leakage1.1.1 Oil Leakage from Tank Weld SeamsFor oil leakage at flat joints, direct welding is applicable. For leakage at corners or joints reinforced with stiffeners, the exact leakage point is often difficult to locate, and re-leakage may occur after welding due to internal stress. For such cases, repair welding with an added iron plate is recommended: for two-surface joints, the iron plate can be cut into a spindle shape for welding;

During transformer operation, the core and the metallic structures and components that secure the core and windings are exposed to a strong electric field, inducing a high potential relative to ground. If the core is left ungrounded, a potential difference can develop between the core and grounded parts such as clamps and the tank, leading to intermittent discharges. Additionally, the magnetic field surrounding the windings induces varying electromotive forces (EMF) in different metallic compone

Many beginners in circuit design may find standard resistor values puzzling. Why are common values like 4.7 kΩ or 5.1 kΩ instead of round numbers such as 5 kΩ?The reason lies in the use of an exponential distribution system for resistor values, standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This system defines a series of preferred values, including the E3, E6, E12, E24, E48, E96, and E192 series.For example:The E6 series uses a ratio of approximately 10^(