Gidajen Recloser: Yadda Ya Fara da Bambanta Da Kuma Yadda Makarantarren Yawancin Samun Kirkiya Sun Amfani Da Ita

1. Zaka recloser?
Recloser shi wani sarki mai sauƙa da kashi mai fadin karamin kula. Duk da cewa yana hauhauwa da circuit breaker a kashi mai gida, yana koyar da kashi idan yadda hankali—kamar short circuit—yake faru. Amma, ba tare da circuit breaker na gida wanda ke neman inganci don sauye, recloser yana koyar da lininin kashi kuma yana bayyana cewa an yi hankali. Idan hankalin ya zama da tsawo, recloser zai koyar da kashi kafin kawo.

An samun reclosers da masu daidaituwar da kashin da suka kusa daga substations zuwa utility poles a wurare. An haɗa da ma'ana, ciki da reclosers na single-phase masu cutar da take da kashin single-phase kuma reclosers na three-phase masu cutar da take da substations da kashin distribution mai fadin karamin kula tun 38 kV.

An haɗa da cutubban reclosers da na aikin da suka kasa da standards duniya kamar ANSI/IEEE C37.60 da IEC 62271-111.

2. Me kari in amfani da reclosers?

Automatic circuit reclosers suna da muhimmanci a kan utilities mai kashi duka duniya saboda hakan yana taimakawa wajen samun sararin da suka kasa da kashi zuwa mutanen da suke a cikin hali mai tsawo da kalmomin karfi.

Reclosers suna iya gano da koyar da fault currents, kuma badde bayyana kashi idan hankalin ya zama da tsawo. Bisa ga haka, recloser shi ne wani abin da take da intelligence da ya iya gano overcurrent, timing, koyar da fault current, kuma koyar da kashi kafin kawo.

Idan hankalin ya zama permanent, recloser zai lock out bayan da ake yi adadin inganci—yanayi na biyu zuwa uku—don haka zai isole hankalin da aka faru daga wannan kashi. Wannan aikin tana taimakawa utilities da lokacin da sadarwa da kudin operasi, saboda an yi bayyana kashi bayan da koyar da voltage flickers biyu ko biyar, baya da ake buƙata a fili.

A cikin misalai da ake buƙata crew, reclosers suna taimakawa wajen bagas da kiyasin outage da kuma taimakawa maintenance personnel don gano hankalin da koyar da kashi. Mutanen gida, business, industries, da institutions suna faɗa da hankalin da kudin da suka faru. Ba da wannan aikin mai karfi, manyan mutum mai kula da suka faru—kamar computers, water pumps, da automated production lines—ba za su iya yi aiki da karfi.

3. Me yadda a yi aiki a cikin recloser?

Idan hankali ya faru a linin kashi, recloser yana gano hankalin kuma koyar da kashi kafin kawo. Bayan da lokaci mai tsawo—yanayi da ta iya haifar da light flicker—recloser yana yi inganci don koyar da kashi. Idan hankalin ya ci gaba, yana koyar da kashi kafin kawo.

Bayan da biyu zuwa uku inganci da ba su tafi, recloser yana kira hankalin da yake permanent kuma yana koyar da kashi (locked out). A nan, crews da ke yi aiki a kashi suna da shiga fili don hakuri infrastructure da aka faru kuma sauye recloser don koyar da kashi.

Misalai da ake faru hankalin permanent:

• Lightning damage to conductors or equipment

• Tree limbs falling onto and damaging lines

• Vehicle collisions with poles or hardware

4. Me ce hankalin da za su zama da tsawo?

Dukkan hankalin da ake faru a linin distribution overhead suna da tsawo. Misalai sun hada da lightning strikes, wind-blown conductors, ko momentary contact caused by birds or small animals. Hankalin da suka faru suna da tsawo bayan da koyar da kashi kuma ba su faru da laifi da linin kashi.

Misalai da ake faru hankalin da za su zama da tsawo:

• Wind-induced clashing of conductors

• Flashover along insulator surfaces due to lightning-induced overvoltage

• Momentary bridging between live conductors and grounded parts by birds, rodents, or other animals

• Tree branches briefly contacting energized lines

• Switching surges causing insulator flashover

Data da experience da aka samu a fili suna nuna muhimmancin “trip-and-reclose” function. Idan linin kashi an koyar da kashi bayan da lokaci, maida hankalin ya zama da tsawo—wannan yana taimakawa bayyana kashi da karfi. Saboda haka, automatic circuit reclosers suna kawo kiyasin outage da ke faru saboda hankalin da za su zama da tsawo ko transient overcurrents a kashin distribution.

5. Abubuwan reclosers

5.1 Reclosers na single-phase

Reclosers na single-phase suna amfani a kan kashin single-phase, kamar branch lines ko tap-offs daga three-phase feeder. Suna da yawa a yi amfani a kashin three-phase inda akwai load mai yawa a single-phase.

Idan hankalin phase-to-ground da ke faru, faɗa hankalin ya zama da ya ci gaba, kuma labaran da suka biyu na kashi ke bayyana kashi—wannan yana taimakawa bayyana kashi da karfi.

Saboda cikakken cutar da suka da reclosers na three-phase, reclosers na single-phase suna da yawa a fi saka a utility poles ko substation steel structures ta hanyar integrated mounting brackets, baya da ake buƙata frames masu taimaka.

A cikin kudanci, reclosers na tana da yawa zai iya da kontrola hidauliki (mai samun shi a tankin mai) ko kontrola elektroniki (mai samun shi a kofin kontrola masu wani).

Wannan ya fi sani, akwai reclosers na tana da yawa ta hanyar tsarin cutout, wanda yake da tasirin da take daidaito bayan dutsen da tsohon abubuwa. Wadannan za su iya sanar da su zuwa takamantukan da ake amfani da su don jirgin cutout da ake amfani da su, kuma ana amfani da su don gidajen yanayi na farkon mafi girma, da ma'adan kayayyaki muhimmanci ga 200 A.

Wanda ke nufin wuri na kamfanoni shine S&C Electric Company (USA), wanda TripSaver® II ta ke misali na wannan nau'in, kamar yadda aka baka:

5.2 Reclosers na uku

Reclosers na uku ana amfani da su a lissafin uku na gida don inganta cinloyin sassan. Idan yana faru wasu fasaha, duk uku suna kama a kan lokacin, don haka za su iya haifar da al'amari na fasahohin uku masu muhimmanci - kamar motors uku masu gaba - da za su iya kasance saboda ba a tabbatar da tsarin karamin kware ko ba a kammala.

Zabubbukan recloser na uku tana da ita a kan ratings na karamin kware da kifin koyarwa, kamar oil, vacuum, ko gas-gas na yawan kasa, da kuma zabubbukan bayan hidauliki (mai samun shi a unit) ko kontrola elektroniki (mai samun shi a kofin kontrola masu wani).

5.3 Na'urar Amfani: Kama Uku da Kama Uku

Wannan shine na'urar amfani na biyu na reclosers masu uku. Bisa ga yadda ne faru, ko fasaha na fasaha, ko uku, duk uku suna kama a kan lokacin. Kama da kuma kiyaye duk uku suna kula da kungiyar kwalba, wanda yake da kalmomin kula da kungiyar kwalba, don haka za su iya amfani da kula da kungiyar kwalba.

Reclosers na uku suna da tasirin da suke amfani da su a kofin:

• Kofin mai rarrabe pole (don amfani da su a cikin takamantukan)

• Kofin mai rarrabe substation (don amfani da su a cikin substation ko pad-mounted applications)

5.4 Reclosers na uku-uwa

Reclosers na uku-uwa suna da kontrola elektroniki da suka da uku na'urar amfani:

• Kama uku da kama uku
  Duk uku suna kama a kan lokacin saboda overcurrent, suna kiyaye a kan lokacin, da kuma suna yi waɗannan darajar.

• Kama fasaha da kama uku
  Kowane fasaha ta yi overcurrent tripping da kiyaye. Idan kowane fasaha ta faru wata sequence na kama saboda wasu fasaha, ko idan an ba "lockout" command a kan local/remote, kowane fasaha ta kama a kan lokacin, don haka za su iya haifar da al'amari na single-phasing na uku masu muhimmanci.

• Kama fasaha da kama fasaha
  Kowane fasaha ta kama da kuma ta kama a kan lokacin, bane ta haifar da wata. Wannan na'ura ta amfani da su a cikin yanayi na gida, ko a cewa uku masu muhimmanci suna da protection na single-phasing a kan wata.

Reclosers na uku-uwa suna da tasirin da suke amfani da su a kofin mai rarrabe pole, ko a cikin kofin substation ko kofin steel structures na substation.

6. Nau'in Kontrola na Reclosers

"Ingantaccen" wanda yake da recloser don sauka overcurrent, zaɓi time-current characteristics, yi operations na tripping da kiyaye, da kuma kama a kan lokacin, yana haɗa daga systemin kontrola. Akwai biyu na kontrola: integral hydraulic control da electronic control mai samun shi a kofin kontrola masu wani.

Kontrola hidauliki

Kontrola hidauliki ana amfani da su a cikin most single-phase reclosers da wasu three-phase reclosers. Yana da shi a cikin recloser. Daga wannan kontrola, overcurrent tana da shi a cikin trip coil wanda ake samun shi a kan line. Idan overcurrent tana rawa a cikin trip coil, coil tana kula plunger, wanda yake da kula contacts na recloser da kuma ta kama.

Timing da sequence operations tana da shi a cikin oil hidauliki tana rawa a cikin orifices. A cikin reclosers na fada, energy na kiyaye tana da shi a cikin springs, wanda ake charge a cikin plunger na series-connected trip coil a lokacin overcurrent protection. A cikin reclosers masu gaba, closing tana yi a cikin solenoid na closing wanda ake samun shi a kan voltage na source side na recloser.

7. Microprocessor-based ko electronic control

Microprocessor-based ko electronic control recloser control systems suna samun shi a kofin kontrola masu wani, wanda yake da shi a cikin parameters na amfani. Suna da shi a cikin accessories masu wani don customize basic functions don amfani da yawa. Daga kontrola hidauliki, wadannan kontrola suna da flexibility masu yawa, programming da parameter customization masu yawa, da kuma advanced protection, metering, da automation capabilities. 

An kontrol mai kawar-kawarruwa suna da amfani da shi tare da bayanin interfayis na PC don konfigurawa masu kontrol, ra'ayta bayanai na metering, da kuma seta hanyoyi na komunikashin. An yi alamomin kontrol da dama, ciki har da kayan aiki masu takardun abin da ake, rafin magana, da kuma ayyuka. An yi amfani da kontrol na elektronika zuwa duk fagen dubuwar hanyoyi a bangaren shekaru 1980, da kuma wasu wadannan abubuwa suka ci gaba a yi aiki da inganci.

8. Hanyoyin da aka yi wa Recloser

8.1 Hanyoyin taili
Reclosers da suke amfani da taili don hanyar hanyoyin suke amfani da taili wanda yake da ita a matsayin babban hanyoyin mai saukarwa. Wasu reclosers da suke amfani da kontrol na hidraulik ko da suke amfani da taili wanda yake da ita don hanyar takarda da kudin ayyuka.

8.2 Hanyoyin vakumu
Hanyoyin vakumu suna ba da kyau a hanyar hanyoyin da ba suka yi karshen energiya, da kuma suna da faidoci kamar tsari na kayan aiki da hanyoyin, karfi na mekaniki, da kuma kyakkyawan aiki. Saboda hanyoyin ya faru a cikin vakumu, tsari na kayan aiki da hanyoyin ya kawo karshen abubuwan hanyoyin. Daga baya, hanyoyin mai saukarwa na reclosers na vakumu zai iya zama taili, hawa, ko kuma epoxy.