Masu Muhimmiyyar da Turuttuka na FACTS Controllers da Devices?
A cikin kungiyar da FACTS Controller ta haɗa da gwamnati, ana kira shi a matsayin;
Series Connected Controller
Shunt Connected Controller
Combined Series-Series Controller
Combined Shunt-Series Controller
Series-Connected Controllers
Mafi girman hankali suna taka rawa da zabe kan juna zabe, yawanci suka amfani da zabe mai yawa ko zabe mai yaro. Ingantaccen mafi girman hankali shine in bayar da ko ciyar da reactive power mai tsarki.
Idan lalacewar da take gama da zabe ya zama, ya tabbatar da reactive power ta yi ma'aduwa da ya kara da tsarin zabe mai yawa a cikin mafi girman hankali. Amma idan ba ta gama da zabe, inda reactive power ta zama, ya yi nasara wajen ciyar da reactive power mai tsarki, don haka ya kare dukkan gwamnati.
A filayen mafi girman, an samun zabe a cikin iyakoki na lalacewar don in bayar da reactive power. Misalai na sadarwa sun hada da Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) da Static Synchronous Series Compensators (SSSC). Tsarin mafi girman hankali ta cikin lalacewar ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Shunt-Connected Controllers
Mafi girman shunt-connected suna taka rawa kan gwamnati a matsayin da suke haɗa, suka amfani da zabe mai yawa da zabe mai yaro - babban fahimta tana da ita ce mafi girman series, amma an yi hanyoyi na haɗin da suke haɗa.
Shunt Capacitive Compensation
Idan an haɗa zabe a cikin gwamnati, wannan irin tattalin rawa ce ke shunt capacitive compensation. Lalacewar da take gama da zabe mai yaro suna yi waƙo a kan power factor. Zaben suna taka rawa da current mai tsawon voltage, wanda ya kare waƙo da zabe mai yaro da ya ba da zakin power factor.
Shunt Inductive Compensation
Idan an haɗa zabe mai yaro a cikin gwamnati, wannan irin tattalin rawa ce ke shunt inductive compensation. Wannan ba a yi amfani da shi a filayen lalacewar, amma a cikin lalacewar mai yawa, inda Ferranti effect ya ba da waƙo kan voltage, zaben suna ciyar da reactive power mai tsarki don kare waƙo.
Misalai na sadarwa sun hada da Static VAR Compensators (SVC) da Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM).
Combined Series-Series Controllers
A cikin lalacewar da suka da manyan lalacewar, combined series-series controllers suna amfani da set na mafi girman series da suke yi aiki a matsayin. Wannan tsari ya ba da nasara masu tsari mai yawa don har da duk lalacewar, don haka ya ba da nasara mai tsarki don har da lalacewar.
Duk da haka, wasu na system suna iya bayar da real power bayan lalacewar tun daga link mai bayar da power. Kuma wasu suna amfani da tsarin mafi girman mai yawa inda DC terminals na converters suka haɗa - wannan tsari ya ba da nasara masu bayar da real power bayan lalacewar. Misalai na system tana cikin Interlink Power Flow Controller (IPFC).
Combined Shunt-Series Controllers
Wannan irin mafi girman ya ƙunshi biyu na mafi girman: mafi girman shunt da ya taka rawa kan gwamnati, da mafi girman series da ya taka rawa a cikin lalacewar. Mafi girman biyu suna yi aiki a matsayin, don haka ya ba da nasara masu tsarki don aiki. Misalai na system tana cikin Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC).
Types of FACTS Devices
An samu manyan FACTS devices don in iya ba da nasara masu tsarki. A nan ne muhimmanci na FACTS controllers, kafin kafa shi a kan abin da suke yi aiki:
Series Compensators:
Shunt Compensators:
Series-Series Compensators:
Series-Shunt Compensators:
Ina tuntuɓi irin compensator a nan:
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
TCSC ya ƙunshi zabe mai yawa a cikin gwamnati. Tsarin mafi girman tana ƙunshi banki mai zabe (da zaben da suka haɗa a matsayin series-parallel) da ya haɗa a matsayin thyristor-controlled reactor. Wannan tsari ya ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen tsara reactive capacitance.
Thyristors suna tsara impedance na system wajen kawo firing angle, wanda ya kare reactive capacitance. Tasweer mai sarrafa TCSC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)
TCSR tana ƙunshi reactive inductance mai yawa. Tsarin mafi girman tana da kyau da TCSC, amma an haɗa zabe da reactor.
Reactor ya ɗaukar da sukon da firing angle ya kara 180°, da ya faru da sukon da firing angle ya kara 180°. Tasweer mai sarrafa Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
TSSC tana ƙunshi reactive capacitance mai yawa, amma ya da kyau da TCSR. Idan TCSR ya yi tsara reactive capacitance wajen kawo firing angle, TSSC ya yi tsara reactive capacitance a matsayin "on/off" baya, inda zabe ya haɗa a matsayin da ya haɗa.
Wannan tsari ya kare ƙwarewa da kosin thyristors da mafi girman. Tasweer mai sarrafa TSSC tana da kyau da TCSC.
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
SSSC tana ƙunshi reactive capacitance mai yawa. Output voltage tana da nasara masu tsarki wajen kawo reactive capacitance. Idan output voltage ta taka rawa, reactive capacitance tana zama mai yawa.
SSSC tana ƙunshi static synchronous generator a cikin lalacewar. Mafi girman tana taka rawa da voltage drop, don haka ya ba da nasara masu tsarki. SSSC tana taka rawa da voltage da ta ɗauka 90° phase shift da current. Idan voltage ta taka rawa, tana bayar da reactive capacitance; idan voltage ta ciyar, tana ciyar da reactive capacitance. Tasweer mai sarrafa Static Synchronous Series Compensator ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
SVC tana ƙunshi banki mai zabe da ya haɗa a matsayin thyristor-controlled reactor. Firing angle na thyristor tana tsara operation na reactor, wanda ya kare reactive power.
Wannan tsari ya ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen kawo reactive power, don haka ya kare voltage da power factor. Tasweer mai sarrafa SVC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Applications
SVCs tana ƙunshi sadarwa masu tsarki, kamar:
Su tana amfani da shi a cikin industry don kare reactive power da power quality. Misalai na SVC configurations sun hada da:
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
TCR tana ƙunshi reactor da ya haɗa a matsayin thyristor valve - specifically, biyu na thyristors da suke haɗa a anti-parallel. Thyristors suna faru da sukon da firing pulses da ya kara a kowane half-cycle.
Firing angle na thyristor tana tsara lagging reactive power. TCRs tana amfani da shi a cikin EHV lines, don in bayar da reactive power. Tasweer mai sarrafa TCR ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
A cikin lalacewar da suka da goma, reactive power demand tana zama mai yawa - da kuma TSC tana amfani da shi don in bayar da reactive power. Su tana amfani da shi a cikin EHV lines a lokacin da goma.
TSC tana da kyau da TCR, amma an haɗa reactor da zabe. TSC tana tsara reactive power wajen kawo firing angle. Tasweer mai sarrafa TSC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR)
TSR tana da kyau da TCR, amma an haɗa reactor. TSR tana yi aiki a matsayin "on/off" baya, inda reactor ya haɗa a matsayin da ya haɗa. Wannan tsari ya kare ƙwarewa da kosin thyristors. Tasweer mai sarrafa TSR tana da kyau da TCR.
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
STATCOM tana ƙunshi voltage source converter (VSC) da ya ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen bayar da reactive power. STATCOM tana amfani da capacitor da ya haɗa a matsayin DC input, da ya haɗa a matsayin three-phase AC voltage via inverter. Inverter tana synchronized da AC power system, da ya haɗa a matsayin coupling transformer. Wannan tsari ya ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen kawo reactive (da active) power. Tasweer mai sarrafa STATCOM ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
IPFC tana ƙunshi converters da suke haɗa a matsayin common DC bus, da kuma har da converter tana haɗa a matsayin lalacewar.
Converters tana bayar da real power, don haka ya ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen kawo real da reactive power a cikin lalacewar. Tasweer mai sarrafa IPFC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.Tasweer mai sarrafa IPFC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
UPFC tana ƙunshi STATCOM da SSSC a matsayin shared DC voltage link, tana ƙunshi abin da suke yi aiki a matsayin mafi girman. UPFC tana amfani da biyu na three-phase controllable bridges don in bayar da current, da ya haɗa a matsayin coupling transformer.
UPFC tana ba da nasara masu tsarki wajen kawo voltage stability, power angle stability, da system damping. UPFC tana yi tsara active (real) da reactive power flow. Amma, UPFC tana yi aiki a cikin sine wave conditions, da kuma ba tana yi aiki a cikin abnormal system states. UPFC tana kare power system oscillations da kuma kare transient stability. Tasweer mai sarrafa UPFC ta nufin a cikin tasweer tana bayyana a nan.
