Gidadi Nafin Tashar Yamma

Takaitaccen Makarantun Dukkida

Makarantun dukkida yana nufin yanayi da take gina karamin tsafta, kamar yadda ake yi da abinci, don samun tsafta wanda ke jagoranci turbini.

Hadisi Makarantun Dukkida

Hadisi makarantun dukkida yana da muhimmanci. Waɗannan makarantu suna amfani da turbini da suka shiga alternatoro don gina karamin tsafta. Tsafta yana faruwa a tsakiyar boili.

Yanzu a Indiya, bituminous coal, brown coal, da peat ana amfani a matsayin takardukan boili. Bituminous coal wanda ake amfani a matsayin takardukan boili yana da volatile matter daga 8 zuwa 33% da ash content daga 5 zuwa 16%. Don zama karfi, ana amfani da coal a matsayin powder a cikin boili.

A cikin makarantun dukkida na coal, tsafta yana faruwa a tsakiyar steam boiler saboda yaɗa (pulverized coal) a furnaces na boili. Tsafta yana ci gaba a superheater.

Wannan tsafta mai sana yana zama ta shiga turbini da ke jagoranci blades na turbini. Turbini yana da mechanical coupling da alternator saboda rotor yake ke jagoranci sama da blades na turbini.

Idan tsafta ta shiga turbini, tsakiyar yake yana ƙarin rage, wanda ke zama tsafta ta ci gaba. Baɗa ake bayar energy da rotor na turbini, tsafta ta fito da turbini zuwa condenser. A cikin condenser, ruwan mutane yana ci gaba da pump, wanda ke saurari tsafta mai tsakiya.

Wannan ruwa mai sauri yana ci gaba zuwa low-pressure water heater inda tsafta mai tsakiya yana ƙara hawa wannan ruwa. An sanar da cewa:

• Kafin, pulverized coal an yi a furnace na steam boiler.

• Tsafta mai tsakiya yana faruwa a cikin boili.

• Wannan tsafta ta ci gaba zuwa superheater, inda yake ƙara hawa.

• Wannan tsafta mai sana ta shiga turbini a tsari mai tsakiya.

• A cikin turbini, tsafta ta jagoranci blades na turbini, wanda ke zama energy mai tsakiya na tsafta ta ƙarfin energy mai karami.

Diagram na Makarantun Dukkida

Baɗa ake jagoranci blades na turbini, tsafta ta rage tsakiyarsa, ta fito da turbini zuwa condenser. A cikin condenser, ruwan mutane yana ci gaba da pump, wanda ke saurari tsafta mai tsakiya.

Wannan ruwa mai sauri yana ci gaba zuwa low-pressure water heater inda tsafta mai tsakiya yana ƙara hawa wannan ruwa. An sanar da cewa:

Gargajiya Makarantun Dukkida

Makarantun Dukkida Naɗa biyu Yana Da Gargajiya Wanda Ana Nuna Ta Haka:

Abubuwa mai gina karamin tsafta yana da ruwa da tsafta. Wannan yana nufin feed water da tsafta cycle. Hadisi Mai Tsabta wanda ake amfani a cikin Makarantun Dukkida yana da rankine cycle.

A cikin steam boiler, ruwa yana ƙara hawa saboda yaɗa abinci a air a furnaces, da function na boili yana ba tsafta mai sana a hawa masu inganci. Wannan tsafta yana amfani a cikin driving steam Turbini.

Wannan turbini yana da mechanical coupling da synchronous generator (usually a three-phase synchronous alternator), wanda ke gina karamin tsafta.

Tsafta mai rage tsakiyarsa daga turbini an saurari zuwa ruwa a cikin steam condenser na turbini, wanda ke bincike tsakiyar ƙarin rage da kuma ke ƙara hawa tsafta a cikin turbini zuwa tsakiyar ƙarin rage.

Fadada aiki na condensing shine mafi kyau a ƙara hawa tsafta mai tsakiya da kuma karfin efficiency, da kuma ruwan mai sauri wanda ake amfani a cikin boili ta ƙara hawa amount of fresh feed water.

Ruwan mai sauri da some fresh makeup feed water an ci gaba zuwa boili da pump (called the boiler feed pump).

A cikin condenser, tsafta an saurari da ruwan mutane. Ruwan mutane an ci gaba zuwa cooling tower. Wannan shine cooling water circuit.

Air ambience an ci gaba zuwa boili baɗa ake filtri dust. Kuma flue gas an fito da boili zuwa atmosphere through stacks. Wannan shine air and flue gas circuits.

Flow of air and also the static pressure inside the steam boiler (called draught) is maintained by two fans called Forced Draught (FD) fan and Induced Draught (ID) fan. The total scheme of a typical thermal power station along with different circuits is illustrated below.

A cikin boili, akwai heat exchangers, Economizer, Evaporator (not shown in the fig above, it is basically the water tubes, i.e. downcomer riser circuit), Super Heater (sometimes Reheater, air preheater are also present).

A cikin Economiser, feed water an ƙara hawa da ƙarin hawa saboda remaining heat of flue gas. Boiler Drum yana ƙara hawa head for natural circulation of a two-phase mixture (steam + water) through the water tubes. Akwai kuma Super Heater wanda ke ƙara hawa temperature of steam as per requirement.

Karfin Makarantun Dukkida ko Plant

Karfin overall na makarantun steam power plant yana nufin ratio of heat equivalent of electrical output to the heat of combustion of coal. Karfin overall na makarantun thermal power station or plant yana ƙarin rage daga 20% zuwa 26% kuma yana da shawar da plant capacity.

Fadada Makarantun Dukkida

Fadada makarantun dukkida shine:

• Economical for low initial cost other than any generating plant.

• Land required less than hydropower plant.

• Since coal is the main fuel and its cost is quite cheap than petrol/diesel so generation cost is economical.

• Maintenance is easier.

• Thermal power plants can be installed in any location where transportation and bulk of water are available.

Nahawu Makarantun Dukkida

Nahawu makarantun dukkida shine:

• The running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due to fuel, maintenance, etc. 

• A large amount of smoke causes air pollution. The thermal power station is responsible for Global warming.

• The heated water that comes from the thermal power plants has an adverse effect on the aquatic lives in the water and disturbs the ecology.

• The overall efficiency of the thermal power plant is low like less than 30%.