Kîjanê Divê Birxelîna Daraçewtî Bixebitînin: Parametreyên Nîvîstî & Mînakên Tîpî
Bir lêgerîna hêvî dana çalakbûna hilbijêr kirina birçeyek da ku bêtir bi sigorta, stabîlîya û operasyona danûst û îmînî yên sisteman de derbas bide. Li jêr berdareyên teknîkî û herîgireyên serpilavkirin da ku di dema hilbijêrinan de pêşdehînin—detaydar, komber û profesyonel.
Prosesa Serpilavkirîya Nêranî û Herîgireyên Serpilavkir
I. Parametreên Basetînî yên Pêşdestkirina Sisteman (Nêrîn)
Ev nêrînî e—divê tevahî peyda bike xasên şopandina.
Gerêka Berdareyî (Uₙ)
Herîgir: Gerêka berdareyî ya birçeyek divê piştî yê da an hejmar da be li gerêka berdareyî ya şopandina we.
Mînak: Di sistan de ku 10kV da ku gerêka berdareyî ya herî mezin 12kV e, divê birçeyek bi gerêka berdareyî ya 12kV hilbijêre.
Dola Berdareyî (Iₙ)
Herîgir: Dola berdareyî ya birçeyek divê piştî yê da an hejmar da be li dola berdareyî ya şopandina we.
Hesabkirina: Hesab bikin dola zevî, kapasîtekîya berzê, agahîkirina veguhestina, û têkelebîn bide. Xebit bikin "birçeyek ku qanîn ne ku dola mezind be" an investîsyonê mezin.
Frekansa Berdareyî (fₙ)
Divê tevahî peyda bike frekansa sisteman—50Hz di Çîn de.
II. Parametreên Performansa Kritîkî yên Kesandina Qısa (Testa Têkiliyê)
Ev parametreyan hesab dikin têkiliyên kesandin û vegerandin a birçeyek û divê bi rêya hesabkirina keseqıta sisteman hilbijêrin.
Dola Kesandina Qısa Berdareyî (Iₖ)
Pêşnûs: Hejmar mezinî RMS a dola keseqıta ku birçeyek bi guherîya berdareyîya reyînê digerîne.
Herîgir: Ev parametreyê herî serpilavkir e. Divê dola kesandina qısa berdareyî ya birçeyek piştî yê da an hejmar da be li dola keseqıta potensiyelî ya şopandina we (têgeha di rastînda di studiya sisteman de hesap kirin).
Nîşe: Agahîkirina veguhestina kapasîtekîya keseqıta sisteman di dema xizmetkirina birçeyek de pêşdehînin.
Dola Vegerandina Qısa Berdareyî (Iₘᶜ)
Pêşnûs: Hejmar mezinî peak a dola keseqıta ku birçeyek bi guherîya vegerandinê digerîne.
Herîgir: Her em, 2.5 herê RMS a dola kesandina qısa berdareyî (hejmare standart). Divê piştî yê da an hejmar da be li peak a dola keseqıta potensiyelî ya şopandina we (bi rêya qanînekîya electrodynamic ê bigerîne).
Dola Berdareyî yên Kesandina Qısa (Iₖ) / Dola Berdareyî yên Termal
Pêşnûs: Hejmar RMS a dola keseqıta ku birçeyek bi guherîya dema belî (mînak, 1s, 3s, 4s) digerîne.
Herîgir: Divê piştî yê da an hejmar da be li RMS a dola keseqıta potensiyelî ya şopandina we. Test bide têkiliyên termal a birçeyek di dema dola keseqıta de.
Peak a Dola Berdareyî yên Kesandina Qısa (Iₚₖ) / Dola Berdareyî yên Dinamîk
Pêşnûs: Hejmar peak a yekem cycle a dola keseqıta ku birçeyek bi guherîya digerîne.
Herîgir: Divê piştî yê da an hejmar da be li peak a dola keseqıta potensiyelî. Test bide têkiliyên mekanîkî a birçeyek di dema qanînekîya electromagnetic ê de.
III. Herîgireyên Îzolation û Parastina Çevreserî
Tîpa Îzolation Medium (Zêdekirina Teknolojîya Nêranî)
Advantages: Têkiliya kesandina mezinî, performansa weraz.
Disadvantages: SF₆ gas greenhouse potent e; herîgirina high sealing integrity; riska leakage; maintenance complex.
Application: Primarily used in high-voltage, high-capacity systems (≥35kV) or special environments (e.g., extremely cold regions).
Recommendation: In the 10–35kV range, unless special requirements exist, prefer vacuum breakers for their maturity and environmental benefits.
Advantages: Strong arc-quenching capability, long service life, compact size, low maintenance, no explosion risk, environmentally friendly. Suitable for frequent switching applications (e.g., arc furnaces, motor switching).
Application: The mainstream and preferred choice for 10–35kV voltage levels today.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (e.g., VS1, ZN63):
SF₆ (Sulfur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breaker:
Îzolation Extern
Creepage Distance: Select bushings and insulators with sufficient creepage distance based on the site’s pollution level (I–IV), to prevent pollution flashover.
Condensation: For indoor switchgear in high-humidity or large temperature-differential environments prone to condensation, select breakers or switchgear equipped with heaters or anti-condensation devices.
IV. Karakteristikên Mekanîkî û Operasyona Mekanîkî
Tîpa Operasyona Mekanîkî
Mekanîzmê Operasyona Spring: Most common, mature technology, high reliability, no external power source required. The preferred choice in most cases.
Permanent Magnet Actuator (PMA): Fewer parts, simpler structure, theoretically higher reliability and faster operation. However, field repair is difficult after failure—usually requires full replacement.
Electromagnetic Operating Mechanism: Used in older models; requires high-power DC supply and large closing current; gradually being phased out.
Mechanical and Electrical Endurance
Mechanical Endurance: Number of open-close operations without current (typically 10,000–30,000+ cycles).
Electrical Endurance: Number of normal interruptions at rated current (e.g., E2 class: 10,000 operations; C2 class: 100 short-circuit interruptions). For applications requiring frequent switching of capacitor banks, reactors, or motors, select breakers with high electrical endurance.
Breaking Time and Close-Open Time
For systems requiring coordination with relay protection or fast auto-reclosing, pay attention to the breaker’s total clearing time (from initiation of trip command to arc extinction).
V. Kontrola Duyemî û Fonksiyonên Yarikî
Gerêka Kontrol: Must match the substation’s DC power system (commonly DC 110V or DC 220V).
Auxiliary Contacts: Quantity must meet requirements for measurement, signaling, and interlocking.
Interlocking Functions: Must include reliable anti-pumping circuits, closing/tripping interlocks, etc., to ensure safety.
Smart Interface: Modern breakers often include intelligent controllers providing electrical parameter measurement, fault recording, condition monitoring, and support for communication protocols (e.g., IEC 61850), facilitating integration into integrated automation systems.
VI. Installation, Environment, and Brand/Service
Installation Type: Fixed or withdrawable (drawer-type)? Must match the switchgear model and structure.
Environmental Conditions: Consider altitude, ambient temperature, humidity. At high altitudes, breaker ratings must be derated.
Brand and After-Sales Service: Choose reputable brands with proven quality, and consider spare parts availability, technical support, and after-sales service.
VII. Summary: Selection Checklist
Confirm system parameters: system voltage, frequency, maximum operating current.
Calculate short-circuit current: obtain prospective RMS and peak short-circuit current at the installation point (provided by power system design).
Match breaker capabilities: ensure rated interrupting current, making current, and dynamic/thermal withstand currents all exceed calculated values.
Select type: prefer vacuum breakers for 10–35kV; confirm operating mechanism (spring mechanism preferred).
Verify external insulation: confirm creepage distance based on pollution level.
Consider special needs: frequent operation? Smart interface? Special environmental conditions?
Brand and commissioning: select reliable brands; during acceptance, focus on factory test reports (especially main circuit resistance and mechanical characteristics).
By following these steps, you can select a safe, suitable, and reliable high-voltage circuit breaker for your system. For critical applications, it is strongly recommended to jointly review and finalize the selection with professional electrical engineers or design institutes.
