Dawîna Nirogên Solar

Dîtayekîna Elektrikberdanan Şêvê

Elektrikberdanan şêvê dikelektrîk da hewceyên şêv de dîne, vebijarkirin bi rêzikên fotovoltaîk (PV) û concentrated solar power (CSP).

Rêzikên Fotovoltaîk

Li ser rastina şêve birewîn derbasên şêv û komponanên din hesab kirin wek çendîşên şêv, inverter, û baterî.

Rezeyek fotovoltaîk yek PV sistem mezin e ku ji tara xarîta ve hatiye girîngkirin û ji bo destpêk kirina elektrîk mezin ji rojnameya şêv. Rezeyek fotovoltaîk jî komponanên din hesab kirin, wek:

• Çendîşên şêv: Yekîtiyan bingehîn yên sistema PV, ku ji cellên şêvîn hatine sererast kirin ku şêve birewîn derbasên şêv. Cellên şêv, ku herduhêk ji silîkûn hate sererast kirin, fotonan digerin û elektronan werdigirin, ku derbasên şêv biguherînin. Çendîşên şêv dikarin li ser series, parallel, û series-parallel configuration, vegihisîn ku vajîn û derbasên sistema dibînin.

• Strukturên mount: Dikarin fix û adjustable be. Strukturên fix pêcan be, lê nabeşin piştreka roja şêv, ku dike outputa berdibane. Strukturên adjustable tilting û rotating be, ku şêva piştreken, ku hilîzbetina energyê biguheztin. Dikarin manual û automatic be, vegihisîn ku control dibînin.

• Inverter: Vebijarkirin ku direct current (DC) ku ji çendîşên şêv hatine sererast kirin li alternatîf current (AC) biguhere, ku ji bo tara xarîta û AC loads biguherînin.

• Inverter dikarin du cîhek be: central inverter û micro-inverter. Central inverter unitên mezin ne ku ji çendîşên şêv û arrays hatine sererast kirin û single AC output dibînin. Micro-inverter unitên mezin ne ku ji çendîşên şêv û panel hatine sererast kirin û individual AC outputs dibînin. Central inverter ji bo sistemas mezin cost-effective û efficient be, lê micro-inverter ji bo sistemas kêm mezin flexible û reliable be.

• Charge controllers: Regulate voltage û current ji çendîşên şêv ku battery overcharging û over-discharging biberdandin. Ji du cîhek be: pulse width modulation (PWM) û maximum power point tracking (MPPT). PWM controllers sader û pêcan be, lê hêsan energy wextar. MPPT controllers efficient û optimize energy output ku çendîşên şêv maxîmum power point biguherînin.

• Baterî: Vebijarkirin ku elektrîkê ji çendîşên şêv û arrays sererast kirin ji bo bikaranîna dawî ku ji bo şêv û tara xarîta nabeşin. Baterî dikarin du cîhek be: lead-acid batteries û lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries pêcan û zêde bikaranîn, lê energy density kêm, life span kêm, û zêde maintenance dibînin. Lithium-ion batteries pêşan û kam bikaranîn, lê energy density zêde, life span zêde, û kam maintenance dibînin.

• Switches: Connect û disconnect parts of the system, like çendîşên şêv, inverter, û baterî. Dikarin manual û automatic be. Manual switches human operation dibînin, lê automatic switches work based on predefined conditions û signals.

• Meters: Vebijarkirin ku measure û display various parameters of the system, such as voltage, current, power, energy, temperature, û irradiance. Meters dikarin analog û digital be, vegihisîn ku type of display û accuracy dibînin. Analog meters needles û dials use to show values, lê digital meters numbers û graphs use to show values.

• Cables: Wires that transmit electricity between different components of the system. Cables dikarin du cîhek be: DC cables û AC cables. DC cables carry direct current from çendîşên şêv to the inverter û baterî, lê AC cables carry alternating current from the inverter to the grid û loads.

The generation part includes çendîşên şêv, mounting structures, û inverter that produce electricity from sunlight. The transmission part includes the cables, switches, û meters that transmit electricity from the generation part to the distribution part.

The distribution part includes the baterî, charge controllers, û loads that store û consume electricity. The following diagram shows an example of a photovoltaic power plant layout:

The operation of a photovoltaic power plant depends on several factors, such as weather conditions, load demand, û grid status. However, a typical operation consists of three main modes: charging mode, discharging mode, û grid-tie mode.

Charging mode happens when there is excess sunlight û low demand. In this mode, çendîşên şêv generate more electricity than needed. The extra electricity charges the baterî via the charge controllers.

The discharging mode occurs when there is no sunlight û high load demand. In this mode, çendîşên şêv generate less electricity than is needed by the loads. The deficit electricity is supplied by the baterî through the inverter.

The grid-tie mode can also occur when there is a grid outage, û backup power is needed. In this mode, çendîşên şêv generate electricity that can be used by the loads through the inverter.

Advantages

• Solar power plants use renewable û clean energy that does not emit greenhouse gases û pollutants.

• Solar power plants can reduce dependence on fossil fuels û enhance energy security û diversity.

• Solar power plants can provide electricity in remote areas where grid connection is not feasible û reliable.

• Solar power plants can create local jobs û economic benefits for communities û regions.

• Solar power plants can benefit from various incentives û policies that support renewable energy development û deployment.

Disadvantages

• Solar power plants require large land areas û may have environmental impacts on wildlife, vegetation, û water resources.

• Solar power plants have high initial capital costs û long payback periods compared to conventional power plants.

• Solar power plants have low capacity factors û depend on weather conditions û diurnal cycles that affect their output û reliability.

• Solar power plants need backup û storage systems to ensure a continuous supply of electricity during periods of low û no sunlight.

• Solar power plants face technical challenges such as grid integration, interconnection, transmission, û distribution.