Kananan Da Yawan Karamin Energy: Tushen Inganci

Me Karamin Kasa Shi Ne?

Karamin kasa shi ne sunan abin da ke faru daga karfin kasa da wakar lokaci, kuma an kuke so ku a joules (J). Wanda yake faru waɗanda karfin kasa ta ƙare biyu a lokacin daɗi, ana kuke so ku a joule biyu. Idan ake rubuta, za a iya rubuta:

E=P×t

daga,

• E ita ce karamin kasa a joules (J)

• P ita ce karfin kasa a watts (W)

• t ita ce wakar lokaci a seconds (s)

Karamin kasa da karfin kasa tana da alaka. Karfin kasa ita ce mafi aiki da karamin kasa mai faru a circuit saboda voltage. Karfin kasa tana da alaka da mafi aiki da karamin kasa mai faru a system. Karfin kasa tana kuke so ku a watts (W), wanda suke da joules per second (J/s). Idan ake rubuta, za a iya rubuta:

P=V×I

daga,

• P ita ce karfin kasa a watts (W)

• V ita ce voltage difference a volts (V)

• I ita ce karamin kasa a amperes (A)

Don kuke so ku karamin kasa, muna buƙatar karfin kasa da wakar lokaci. Misalai, idan ake faru 100 W light bulb a lokacin da 10 minutes, don haka karamin kasa ta ƙare:

E=P×t=100 W×10×60 s=60,000 J

Abubuwan Da Ake Amfani Da Su Don Kuke So Ku Karamin Kasa

Joule ita ce unit of energy a International System of Units (SI), amma ita ce ƙarin da ake amfani da su a matsayin abubuwan da ake amfani da su. Saboda haka, wasu abubuwan suna da amfani don kuke so ku karamin kasa, kamar watt-hour (Wh), kilowatt-hour (kWh), megawatt-hour (MWh), da gigawatt-hour (GWh). Waɗannan abubuwan suna fitowa daga karfin kasa (watt) da wakar lokaci (hour).

• Watt-hour (Wh) ita ce abin da ake faru daga device ko system wanda yake faru waɗanda karfin kasa ta ƙare biyu a lokacin daɗi. Yana nuna mafi aiki da karfin kasa mai faru a lokaci. Watt-hour biyu ana kuke so ku a 3,600 joules. Misalai, 15 W LED light bulb tana faru 15 Wh a lokacin daɗi.

• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) ita ce abin da ake amfani da su a household appliances da utility bills. Kilowatt-hour biyu ana kuke so ku a 1,000 watt-hours ko 3.6 megajoules. Misalai, refrigerator wanda yake faru 300 W tana faru 300 Wh ko 0.3 kWh a lokacin daɗi.

• Megawatt-hour (MWh) ita ce abin da ake amfani da su don kuke so ku karamin kasa mai faru a large-scale power plants ko grids. Megawatt-hour biyu ana kuke so ku a 1,000 kilowatt-hours ko 3.6 gigajoules. Misalai, coal-fired power plant wanda yake faru 600 MW tana faru 600 MWh a lokacin daɗi.

• Gigawatt-hour (GWh) ita ce abin da ake amfani da su don kuke so ku karamin kasa mai faru a long periods of time. Gigawatt-hour biyu ana kuke so ku a 1,000 megawatt-hours ko 3.6 terajoules. Misalai, total electricity consumption of the United States in 2019 was about 3,800 TWh ko 3.8 million GWh.

Tabelogin da ake baki daya tana bayyana abubuwan da ake amfani da su don kuke so ku karamin kasa da tasiri:

Me Kuke So Ku Karamin Kasa Da Meter

Don kuke so ku karamin kasa, muna buƙatar device wanda zai iya record karfin kasa da wakar lokaci. Device wanda yake da wannan abin ita ce electrical energy meter ko energy meter. Energy meter ita ce device wanda yake kuke so ku karamin kasa mai faru a residence, business, ko electrically powered device. Yana kuke so ku total power consumed over a time interval da yake calibrate a billing units, inda kilowatt-hour (kWh) ita ce mafi amfani. Energy meters suna amfani a domestic and industrial AC circuits don kuke so ku power consumption.

An fi sune wasu types of energy meters, depending on the technology, design, and application. Some of the common types are:

• Electromechanical meters: Waɗannan ita ce meters masu tarihi wanda suke amfani da rotating metal disc da electromagnet don kuke so ku karamin kasa. Suna da amfani a induction meters ko Ferraris meters. Suna da amfani, robust, da accurate, amma suka da ƙarin abubuwa, kamar mechanical wear and tear, susceptibility to tampering and magnetic interference, da inability to measure reactive power or power quality.

• Electronic meters: Waɗannan ita ce meters masu zamani wanda suke amfani da electronic circuits da sensors don kuke so ku karamin kasa. Suna da amfani a solid-state meters ko digital meters. Suna da ƙarin advantages over electromechanical meters, kamar higher accuracy, lower maintenance, remote reading and communication, multiple tariff options, and advanced features such as demand response, load profiling, and power quality analysis.

• Smart meters: Waɗannan ita ce meters masu zamani wanda suke amfani da digital technology da wireless communication don kuke so ku karamin kasa. Suna da amfani a advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) ko intelligent metering systems (IMS). Suna da ƙarin benefits over electronic meters, kamar real-time data collection and analysis, dynamic pricing and billing, outage detection and restoration, demand-side management, and customer engagement.

The basic principle of measuring electrical energy with a meter is to multiply the electrical power by the time duration for which it is applied or consumed. However, depending on the type of meter and the type of load, there are different ways of calculating the electrical power. Some of the common methods are:

• Single-phase meters: Waɗannan ita ce meters wanda suke kuke so ku karamin kasa a single-phase AC circuits, wanda suke da one live wire da one neutral wire. The simplest way of calculating the electrical power in a single-phase circuit is to multiply the voltage by the current. However, if the load is not purely resistive, then there is a phase difference between the voltage and the current, which reduces the effective power delivered to the load. This effective power is called real power or active power, and it is calculated by multiplying the voltage by the current by the power factor (cosine of the phase angle). The apparent power or total power is calculated by multiplying the voltage by the current without considering the power factor. The difference between the apparent power and the real power is called reactive power or idle power, which is wasted in heating up the circuit components. The ratio of real power to apparent power is called the power factor, which indicates how efficiently the load uses electrical energy.

  

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