Me kana da muhimmanci na amfani da hanyar kan gagarwa a cikin kungiyar rarrabawa, kuma me kana da abubuwan da zai iya samun yawan inganci? Ko kungiyar rarrabawa mai adadin da za a yi waɗanda suka shafi suna cewa an yi da ita ya kunshi: - Yadda ake gagar da sauran abubuwa masu gagarwa a cikin yanayi na musamman - Yadda ake gagar da abubuwa masu gagarwa a cikin yanayi na musamman don in ba da aiki mai kyau - Yadda ake gagar da abubuwa masu gagarwa a cikin yanayi na musamman don in ba da dalilai - Yadda ake gagar da abubuwa masu gagarwa a cikin yanayi na musamman don in ba da dalilai Amsa: Ana bukata a taka da hanyoyi masu gagarwa ga IEE-Business. Wannan ya kunshi: - Ingantaccen fahimta game da tsari na gagarwa - Tattaunawa da kungiyoyi masu gagarwa - Tattaunawa da kungiyoyi masu gagarwa don in ba da aiki mai kyau - Tattaunawa da kungiyoyi masu gagarwa don in ba da dalilai

Maimakon Common Grounding?

Common grounding yana nufin amfani da kungiyar tashar jirgin (aiki) na gwamnati, tashar sauci na zawar, da kuma tashar sauci na ra'ayi rayuwa ta hanyar wani kungiyar tashar jirgi. Kafin bai yin amfani da shi ba, zan iya cewa mafi girman tashar jirgen da suka dace suka dace ne suka haɗa da kungiyar tashar jirgen da suka haɗa.

1. Fa'idota Common Grounding

• Sisteminsa yana zama mai kyau da kuma mafi girman tashar jirgen, wanda ya ba da gaba da rike da tattaunawa masu aiki.

• Zamantakansu na tashar jirgen da suka dace suka dace ne suka haɗa da kungiyar tashar jirgen da suka haɗa ita ce mai kyau da zamantakansu na tashar jirgen da suka fiye suka fiye. Idan an yi amfani da kasuwancin steel ko rebar na gwamnati don in yi amfani da ita a matsayin tashar jirgen da suka haɗa, saboda zamantakansa mai kyau, fa'idota common grounding zai zama mai kyau daidai.

• Yana haɗa da inganci: idan wata tashar jirgen yake magance, wasu suna iya haɗa.

• Yana haɗa da adadin tashar jirgen, wanda ya haɗa da abincin takardukar da kayan mutanen.

• A lokacin da kisan sauci ya ƙare da kasa, yana haɗa da kadan bayanin sauci mai kyau, wanda ya ba da gaba da ci gaban al'amuran ayyukan da ke tsara. Wannan tana haɗa da kadan voltage da ake magance a lokacin da mutum ya samar da zabar da kasa.

• Yana haɗa da bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga voltage mai kyau na ra'ayi rayuwa.

Idan an fada, don in haɗa da bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga back-flashover na ra'ayi rayuwa, tashar jirgen na ra'ayi rayuwa yana bukatar da a duba a wurin da ake haɗa da kungiyoyi, zawar, da kuma tashar jirgen da suka haɗa. Amma, a cikin aiki, wannan yana zama batu. Gwamnatin da suka haɗa da kungiyoyi da suka haɗa (power, data, ruwa, kamar haka) suka haɗa da wurare da suka haɗa. Idan an yi amfani da kasuwancin steel na gwamnati don in yi amfani da ita a matsayin tashar jirgen na ra'ayi rayuwa, ya zama batu don in haɗa da tashar jirgen na ra'ayi rayuwa daga kungiyoyi, zawar, ko tashar jirgen da suka haɗa.

A cikin halin haka, ana ba da shawarar in yi amfani da common grounding—tushen tashar jirgen na transformer, tashar jirgen da suka haɗa da zawar, da kuma tashar jirgen na ra'ayi rayuwa zuwa wani kungiyar tashar jirgen. Misali, a cikin gwamnatin da suka haɗa, in yi amfani da tashar jirgen na electrical da tashar jirgen na ra'ayi rayuwa yana haɗa da Faraday cage tare da kasuwancin steel na gwamnati. Duk zawar da kuma tashar jirgen da suka haɗa ta hanyar cage, yana haɗa da kadan voltage da za suka faruwa daga ra'ayi rayuwa da kuma back-flashover.

Saboda haka, idan an yi amfani da kasuwancin steel na gwamnati don in yi tashar jirgen, common grounding wajen kungiyoyi da suka haɗa yana ba da gaba da kuɗi, idan an haɗe zamantakansa da suka haɗa da 1 Ω.

2. Abubuwan Da Yake Duk Iya Game Da Common Grounding

Na'inin tashar jirgen:
Bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga ground potential rise (GPR) yana nufin da kadan bayanin tashar jirgen, lokaci da kuma na'inin tashar jirgen. Misali, arzayi da suka haɗa da ra'ayi rayuwa ko rods suka haɗa da kadan bayanin tashar jirgen a lokacin da ra'ayi rayuwa, amma wannan lokaci yana zama batu da kuma kadan bayanin tashar jirgen, saboda haka, GPR yana ba da gaba da bahaushe da suka faruwa.

Amma, zamantakansa na tashar jirgen da suka haɗa da kungiyoyi da suka haɗa yana bukatar da a haɗe waɗannan tashar jirgen da suka haɗa, idan mumkin ≤1 Ω.

A cikin tashar jirgen na low-voltage distribution system da neutral da suka haɗa, tashar jirgen da suka haɗa da kungiyoyi da suka haɗa suka haɗa da leakage currents da suka haɗa, wanda suka haɗa da circulating ground currents. Idan zamantakansa na tashar jirgen ya ƙare da kasa, zan iya haɗa da bahaushe da suka faruwa daga zawar da kuma mutanen.

Duk da haka, idan an yi amfani da computers da zawar da suka haɗa, filter grounding yana bukatar. EMI/RFI filters da suka haɗa suka haɗa da leakage currents mai kyau, wanda suka haɗa da total ground current.

Bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga ground potential rise a cikin zawar da suka haɗa:
Misali, a cikin compact substation unit. Tushen tashar jirgen na transformer, metal enclosure, da kuma load equipment chassis suka haɗa da tashar jirgen da suka haɗa. Amma, arzayi da suka haɗa da ra'ayi rayuwa suka haɗa da tashar jirgen da suka haɗa don in haɗa da bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga dangerous potential rise a lokacin da discharge.

Amma, idan wata zawar da suka haɗa da insulation fault da kuma leakage current, fault loop current da suka haɗa da tashar jirgen da suka haɗa, wanda ya ƙare da ground potential, wanda ya haɗa da enclosure voltage da switchgear. Idan mutum ya samar da cabinet door a lokacin haka, yana iya samun electric shock. Wannan abubuwa suka faruwa a lokacin daɗi.

Saboda haka, a cikin aiki na zaman, ana yi amfani da isolation functional grounding (misali, transformer neutral) daga protective da lightning grounding a cikin indoor substations—idandaza yana haɗa da abincin takardukar da kayan mutanen.

3. Standards da Regulations (China)

• Idan an fada, don standards da regulations na power industry na China:

• Don Class B electrical installations, idan distribution transformer da ke sanya ba a cikin building da ke da Class B equipment, da kuma high-voltage side ta operate a ungrounded, Petersen coil (arc-suppression coil)-grounded, ko high-resistance grounded system, tashar jirgen na working ground da low-voltage system yana iya haɗa da tashar jirgen na protective ground, idan zamantakansa na tashar jirgen ta haɗe R ≤ 50/I (Ω) da kuma R ≤ 4 Ω.

• Don Class A electrical installations da ke operate a effectively grounded systems, tashar jirgen na transformer da ke working ground yana bukatar da a haɗa da tashar jirgen na protective grounding grid—idandaza, common grounding ba a ba da shawarar.

• Idan distribution transformer da ke sanya a cikin building da ke da Class B electrical installations, da kuma high-voltage side ta use low-resistance grounding, tashar jirgen na working ground yana iya haɗa da tashar jirgen na protective ground idan:

• Zamantakansa na tashar jirgen ta haɗe R ≤ 2000/I (Ω), da kuma

• Building ta implement main equipotential bonding (MEB) system.

• Duk da haka, don systems da suka haɗa da 1 kV da suka haɗa da large grounding short-circuit current systems, common grounding yana iya haɗa idan an haɗe rapid fault clearance, amma zamantakansa na tashar jirgen yana bukatar da a haɗe < 1 Ω.

• Tashar jirgen na protective grounding da distribution transformers da ke Class A installations yana iya haɗa da tashar jirgen da suka haɗa da lightning arrester grounding.

4. Nema

Amsa da ake karɓe yana nuna cewa a cikin public low-voltage distribution systems, inda complete separation of grounding systems ba a iya haɗa, common grounding—tushen tashar jirgen da suka haɗa da working, protective, da kuma lightning grounding—yana ba da gaba da kuɗi, yana haɗa da abincin takardukar, yana haɗa da gaba da aiki, da kuma yana haɗa da gaba da rike da tattaunawa masu aiki.

Don in haɗa da bahaushe da za suka faruwa daga common grounding, engineers suka ba da shawarar:

• In yi amfani da kasuwancin steel na gwamnati a matsayin natural grounding electrode,

• In haɗe total grounding resistance da suka haɗa da 1 Ω, da kuma

• In yi amfani da comprehensive equipotential bonding a cikin facility.

Wannan abubuwa yana haɗa da bahaushe da za suka faruwa da kuma in haɗa da aiki da kusa da kalmomi da suka haɗa da modern electrical installations.