Tsunawa Masu Da Turufin Kwaikwayar Gas SF₆ Alternative A Cikin Kwaikwayoyi Na Noma Da Ƙarfi
1. Bayani
Ana amfani da SF₆ a yankin kungiyar tushen karkashin kwabtaka da kuma kungiyar tushen jirgin ruwa, kamar gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), circuit breakers (CB), da kuma medium-voltage (MV) load switches. Yana da nasarorin tsari mai girma da kuma yanayin tsakiyar hawa. Amma, ana iya cewa ina shahara da zafi na karamin hawa, kafin ya samu global warming potential daga 23,500 zuwa shekaru 100, kuma saboda haka an yi tasiri ga amfani da shi da kuma tattaunawa masu muhimmanci game da kawo karfi. Saboda haka, an yi bincike kan kayan aikacewar gas gaba da shi don ingantaccen amfani a kungiyar tushen karkashin kwabtaka tun daga shekaru 20.
"Club Zéro" (CZC), ta hanyar CIGRE, ya fara aiki a matsayin kula don duba yanayin yadda ake amfani da gas gaba da shi don amfani da su. An yi bincike don kula abubuwan littattafai masu yau da kullum kan wannan batu. Abubuwan da aka duba suna a yi tattalin arziki a CIGRE Session a shekarar 2016. Littafin ya bayyana abubuwan da aka duba daga binciken. Saboda tekologi na vacuum switching yana da yawan aiki masu yanzu, ba za a bayyana a cikin wannan tattalin arziki ba.
2. Gas Gaba Da Shi
Bayan an haɗa Kyoto Protocol a shekarar 1997, binciken kan gas gaba da shi ya zama mafi yawa da ya zama mafi yawa a shekaru 10. Masu al'amuran gas gaba da shi suna cewa: low global warming potential (GWP), zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), low toxicity, non-flammability, high dielectric strength, high arc-quenching and heat dissipation capability, chemical stability, material compatibility, and market availability.
Daga cikin gas masu asali da aka bincika, CO₂ ya zama mafi yawa wajen yanayin tsakiyar hawa, kafin ya saukarwa da addidivu kamar O₂ ko CF₄. Amma, binciken sun nuna cewa amfani da CO₂ ya fi babban tsari da kuma nasarorin tsari mai girma da ke da SF₆. Wasu manyan gas masu ma'ana suna canzawa daga cikin gas masu fluorine, kamar CF₃I, hydrofluoroolefins (HFO-1234ze and HFO-1234yf), perfluoroketones (kamar C₅F₁₀O), perfluoronitriles (C₄F₇N), fluorinated ethers (HFE-245cb2), fluorinated epoxides, and hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFO-1233zd).
A nan cewa da duk al'amuran, wasu manyan gas masu ma'ana a yanzu suna cewa C₅ perfluoroketone (CF₃C(O)CF(CF₃)₂ ko C₅-PFK) da iso-C₄ perfluoronitrile ((CF₃)₂CF-CN ko C₄-PFN). Don gas masu maye, nasarorin tsari mai girma ya zama mutane da boiling point—na'amna, gas masu nasarorin tsari mai girma suna da boiling points masu yawa. A 0.1 MPa, boiling points of C₅-PFK and C₄-PFN suna da 26.5°C and –4.7°C, respectively. Saboda haka, don amfani da su a wurare masu siffofin karamin hawa, yawancin gas suna da buƙata. Saboda nasarorin tsakiyar hawa, CO₂ an zabe ita don buƙatar gas a wurare masu yawan tsari mai girma. A wurare masu siffofin tsari mai girma, an rarrabe cewa air an amfani da shi don buƙatar gas a cikin C₅-PFK don nasarorin tsari mai girma.
3. Tsarin Gas Masu Maye da Kammalloli
Taulokin 1 ya bayyana tsarin wasu gas gaba da shi da SF₆. GWPs of these gases vary significantly: C₄-PFN exhibits a much higher GWP than CO₂ or C₅-PFK, both of which have GWPs of approximately 1. All candidate gases of interest are non-flammable, have zero ODP, and are reported as non-toxic according to technical and safety data sheets provided by chemical manufacturers. The dielectric strength of pure C₄-PFN and C₅-PFK is nearly twice that of SF₆. The dielectric withstand voltage of CO₂ is comparable to that of air—that is, significantly lower than that of SF₆.
Taulokin 1: Comparison of Pure Gas Properties with SF₆
| Gas | CAS Number | Boiling Point / °C | GWP | ODP | Flammability | Toxicity LC50(4h) ppmv | Toxicity TWA ppmv | Dielectric Strength / pu at 0.1 MPa |
| SF₆ | 2551-62-4 | -64 | 23500 | 0 | No | - | 1000 | 1 |
| CO₂ | 124-38-9 | -78.5 | 1 | 0 | No | >300000 | 5000 | ≈0.3 |
| C5-PFK | 756-12-7 | 26.5 | <1 | 0 | No | ≈20000 | 225 | ≈2 |
| C4-PFN | 42532-60-5 | -4.7 | 2100 | 0 | No | 12000…15000 | 65 | ≈2 |
Tabeli na 2 ya nuna siffofin kashi da mutanen kashi a cikin tashar gari. Kashi mai C₄-PFN da C₅-PFK a cikin mutanen kashi ta hanyar zafi suna da muhimmanci a tsakiyar na biyu, yana cikin 13% (muhimmiyar). Ya kamata a lura cewa don amfani da C₅-PFK a cikin CO₂, an ambaci cewa akwai mu'ammar da oxygen kuma, saboda yadda oxygen ke iya rage shiga kayayyakin dabbobi (kamar CO) da kuma abubuwan dabbobi (kamar soot).
Tabeli na 2: Siffofin/Kasafin Kashi Masu Gida da Mutanen Kashi a Fannin Amfani da Tashar Gari na Mijinta da Mafi Yawan Tsakiya
| Gas | Concentration | Minimum Pressure / MPa | Minimum Temperature / °C | GWP | Dielectric Strength | Toxicity LC50 ppmv |
| SF₆ | - | 0.43…0.6 | -41…-31 | 23500 | 0.86…1 | - |
| CO₂ | - | 0.6…1 | ≤-48 | 1 |
0.4…0.7 | >3e5 |
| CO₂/C5-PFK/O₂ (HV) | ≈6/12 | 0.7 | -5…+5 | 1 | ≈0.86 | >2e5 |
| CO₂/C4-PFN(HV) | ≈4…6 | 0.67…0.88 | -25…-10 | 327…690 | 0.87…0.96 | >1e5 |
| Air/C5-PFK(MV) | ≈7…13 | 0.13 | -25…-15 | 0.6 | ≈0.85 | 1e5 |
Saboda hanyar da tsarin daidaita cikin kungiyoyi a matsayin SF₆ a harsuna (Kolamu 6), yana bukatar sa harsuna masu kyau don C₅-PFK da C₄-PFN tare da CO₂ a matsayin gas na sashen a tushen mafi girma, zai iya ci gaba zuwa 0.7–0.8 MPa. Don tushen mara aiki tare da kungiya air/C₅-PFK, zai iya ci gaba zuwa 0.13 MPa, wanda yake da shiga daidaita daidai a matsayin SF₆.
Shi ne da ake samun daidaita daidai a matsayin adadin kungiyoyi na bala na C₄-PFN ko C₅-PFK ya faruwa saboda abubuwan da suka faruwa daga hankali—yana nufin cewa daidaita ta faruwa ba a matsayin adadin kungiyoyi, wani batu da aka sani a kungiyoyin SF₆/N₂. GWP na kungiyoyi na C₅-PFK ba a yi waɗannan, amma wannan yana nuna sauka a matsayin harsuna masu kyau. Tushen tafiya (misali -25°C) zai iya haifar da ita tare da CO₂ mai sauƙi ko kungiyoyi na CO₂ + C₄-PFN, amma da wasu abubuwa: daidaita daidai ta ƙarama a matsayin CO₂ mai sauƙi, ko GWP mai yawa a matsayin kungiyoyi na C₄-PFN.
4. Nau'in Haifar da Gas Mai Sauƙi
Tsabta 3 ta kula cikakken bayanai game da nau'in haifar da CO₂ mai sauƙi da kungiyoyin CO₂, tare da nau'in SF₆ don haɗa. Ta harsuna masu kyau a matsayin SF₆, daidaita na tafiya—misali a matsayin ma'adoni don nau'in kapasitansi—zai iya ci gaba zuwa ɗanin SF₆.
Tsabta 3: Haɗa da Nau'in Haifar da Gas da Kungiyoyin Gas a Harsuna Masu Kyau a Matsayin SF₆ a Tushen Mafi Girma
| Gas | Takarda Aiki [MPa] | Inganci Tsakiyar Da Dukkantar / pu | Nau'o'i na SLF da SF6 / pu | |
| SF₆ | 0.6 |
1 | 1 |
1 |
| CO₂ | 0.8…1 | 0.5…0.7 | 0.5…0.83 | ≥0.5 |
| CO₂+C5-PFK/O₂ | 0.7…0.8 | Daga cikin SF₆ | 0.8…0.87 | Daga cikin SF₆ |
| CO₂/C4-PFN | 0.67…0.82 | Daga cikin SF₆ | 0.83…(1) | Daga cikin SF₆ |
A cikin littattun da aka bincike, akwai kalmomin mai yadda a kan shawararrun C₄-PFN da C₅-PFK kawai. Don CO₂, ana iya samun hanyoyi masu ma'ana. A gaba, idan an yi amfani da CO₂ mai sauka na miliyan 1 MPa, za a iya tabbatar da shawararrun insulation da short-line fault (SLF) tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆.
Idan an yi amfani da O₂ zuwa CO₂ (da tsari na bayyana tare da 30%), ya kamata cewa za a iya tabbatar da shawararrun SLF da ci gaba da ziyartar dielectric strength. Idan an yi amfani da C₄-PFN ko C₅-PFK zuwa CO₂, za a iya tabbatar da shawararrun dielectric wanda yake daƙe da SF₆. Littattun sun nuna cewa shawararrun SLF na CO₂/O₂/C₅-PFK tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆. Amma, an yi amfani da circuit breakers da suka da takamfi da CO₂/C₄-PFN suka ce da za su iya tabbatar da shawararrun SLF wanda yake daƙe da SF₆.
Amma, akwai kuma littattun da suka samun hanyoyi masu ma'ana game da CO₂ mai ba da additi ko kuma CO₂/C₄-PFN da CO₂/C₅-PFK kawai ta hanyar tsari na geometry da pressure, wanda suka nuna cewa shawararrun near-zone (thermal) tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi. Idan an yi amfani da minor design modifications ko modest derating, za su iya tabbatar da IEC test duties L90 (SLF) da T100 (100% terminal fault), wanda ya nuna cewa shawararrun switching su ne ba tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆. Wannan ya faru a cikin function da take da breaking.
An yi amfani da shawararrun masu ma'ana don inganta shawararrun switching tare da design optimizations masu ma'ana a zamani. Wani abubuwan da ya fi kyau ita ce toxicity na gases ba a bangaren arcing. C₅-PFK da C₄-PFN suna da jamiyar molecules da suka bazu daga fadi na 650 °C don C₄-PFN. Idan suka bazu, wannan jamiyan ba su iya daga bauta da suka haɗa da structures da suka haɗa amma suka haɗa da fragments masu kusa. An sanar da rate da 0.5 mol/MJ don mixtures na CO₂/O₂/C₅-PFK a bangaren high-current interruption. Don partial discharges, an sanar da cewa rate na decomposition tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake sanar da a nan.
Shawararrun decomposition na wannan gases masu ma'ana ba tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆, wanda yake bazu saboda chemical reactions da ablated contact da nozzle materials. Don gases masu ma'ana, decomposition over the equipment lifetime ba tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi, amma gas concentration a cikin equipment ya kamata a duba ko a duba da lokaci. Duk da cewa abubuwan da suka haɗa da shawararrun decomposition masu ma'ana su ne CO da HF. By-products na arc da suka haɗa da shawararrun toxicity wanda yake daƙe da ko tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don arc-decomposed SF₆. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da handling procedures da suka haɗa da arc-exposed SF₆.
Amma, ya kamata cewa waɗannan bayanai suna da shiga da knowledge masu ma'ana game da toxicity na gases masu ma'ana. Ana bukata experience masu ma'ana game da post-arc toxicity na potential SF₆ alternatives. Wasu abubuwan da aka bincike sun haɗa da material compatibility (misali, effects on seals and greases), gas sealing integrity, da gas handling procedures. Saboda haka, ba za a iya tabbatar da existing high-voltage equipment za su iya yi aiki da shawararrun gases masu ma'ana ba tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don appropriate design ko material modifications.
An yi amfani da internal arc tests tare da mixtures, amma ba a samu wasu abubuwan da suka haɗa da problem ba. Thermal conductivity na mixtures tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆, wanda ya kamata moderate derating ko design adjustments don current-carrying capacity. Circuit breakers na CO₂ live-tank suna da field experience, wanda suka faru a bangaren shekaru sadace, kuma circuit breakers na CO₂ suna da shawararrun commercial availability.
High- and medium-voltage pilot installations na C₅-PFK mixtures suna yi aiki a Switzerland da Germany tare da zaka daga 2015. Pilot projects na CO₂/C₄-PFN mixtures suna haɗa da plan ko a yi a Switzerland, Germany, UK, da Scotland, masu voltage levels na 145 kV, 245 kV, da 420 kV.
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Published information na SF₆ alternative gases don switching applications suna bincike. A zamani, wannan research suna haɗa da early phases da tare da zaka daga waɗannan da ke ake yi don SF₆. Data na manufacturer sun nuna cewa gases masu ma'ana - C₅-PFK da C₄-PFN - suna da shawararrun viable options, wanda idan an yi amfani da CO₂ as buffer gas, za su iya tabbatar da performance wanda yake daƙe da SF₆, amma ba za su iya tabbatar da all capabilities na SF₆ ba.
Duk da cewa differences na insulation da interruption performance, da kuma boiling point - wanda yake da shawararrun minimum specified operating temperature na switchgear. Minimum operating temperature (e.g., –50 °C) za a iya tabbatar da pure CO₂. Amma, CO₂ yana haɗa da shawararrun generally lower interruption performance, musamman game da recovery voltage peak withstand da interruption capability, tare da zaka daga gas mixtures na C₄-PFN ko C₅-PFK.
Advantage na CO₂/C₅-PFK mixtures tare da CO₂/C₄-PFN mixtures shine negligible GWP (~1 vs. 427/600 for C₄-PFN). Amma, CO₂/C₄-PFN mixtures suna da shawararrun lower minimum operating temperature (approximately –25 °C) tare da CO₂/C₅-PFK mixtures (approximately –5 °C).
6. 40.5kV 72.5kV 145kV 170kV 245kV Dead tank Vacuum Circuit-Breaker
Description ：
Circuit-breakers na 40.5kV, 72.5kV, 145kV, 170kV, da 245kV Dead tank Vacuum suna da shawararrun protective devices masu ma'ana don high-voltage power systems. Suna amfani da vacuum as arc-extinguishing and insulating medium, wanda suka haɗa da exceptional arc-quenching capabilities, suka yi interruption da fault currents da shawararrun, da kuma suka yi prevention da arc re-ignition don ensure stable power system operation. Design na dead tank ya haɗa da compact footprint da robust mechanical stability, wanda ya haɗa da installation da maintenance. Suna amfani da highly reliable spring operating mechanisms, wanda suka haɗa da mechanical lifespan da yake daƙe da 10,000 operations, wanda suka haɗa da rapid and precise responses. Da shawararrun environmental adaptability, za su iya yi aiki da shawararrun a harsh outdoor conditions. Su ne widely applied a substations, transmission lines, da wasu scenarios, wanda suka haɗa da efficient and secure power switching control da reliable protection across various voltage levels.
Bayani a matsayin tushen yau da:
Tushen Tsakiyar Gama: Yana amfani da kashi don tsakacewa gama a kan lokaci da za a iya amanawa, zai haifar da ake sake rawa.
Fasar Fasaha Da Duk: Ana samu a cikin fasahohi na 40.5kV, 72.5kV, 145kV, 170kV, da 245kV don tushen ma'adanar jirgin sama.
Kudanci Masu Kyau: Tushen masu kyau mai sarrafa mai karfi da ke sa aiki da koyarwa da koyarwa.
Aiki Mai Zan Iya Nema: Tushen aiki mai zan iya nema ta hanyar tsabta da koyarwa da koyarwa da koyarwa daga 10,000.
Kyau Na Tsabta: Tushen tsabta na biyu ya haifar da abincin ruwa da gas da take, yana da kyau don aiki a kan gwamnati.
